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- Medical students and staff did not ask where the bodies came from. The trade was a sufficiently lucrative business to run the risk of detection, particularly as the authorities tended to ignore what they considered a necessary evil.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_snatching
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To fool the authorities, they weighted Old Donald’s coffin down with bark and took his body to Professor Robert Knox who ran a private anatomy school at Surgeon's Square in Edinburgh....
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body snatching, the illicit removal of corpses from graves or morgues during the 18th and 19th centuries. Cadavers thus obtained were typically sold to medical schools for use in the study of anatomy.
In his The Devil’s Dictionary, the acerbic lexicographer Ambrose Bierce defined a body snatcher as “one who supplies the young physicians with that which the old physicians have supplied the undertaker.” While Bierce may have been harsh on the physicians of his day, he was correct in linking body snatching to medicine—the demand for fresh bodies in 18th- and 19th-century Britain and the United States was created by anatomy professors, surgeons, and medical students. Because the only bodies legally available for medical dissection were the remains of executed criminals, demand far outpaced supply.
Those who obtained corpses for use in medical education included the medical students themselves, middlemen who paid church officials or undertakers for cadavers, con artists who claimed the bodies of the poor, amateurs who stumbled upon a body or a fresh grave, murderers who produced corpses, and professional body snatchers who dug up and removed bodies from graveyards. Although the evidence is incomplete, it is likely that the majority of bodies used in medical schools in Britain and the United States in the 18th and early 19th centuries were supplied by body snatchers.
Body snatching was a lucrative business, paying as much as several months’ worth of a workman’s wages per body, but it could also be difficult and dangerous. Body snatchers needed to remove the body and deliver it before it was too badly decomposed, no easy task in the days before bodies were embalmed. They had to avoid detection as they dug the body up and transported it to the medical facility, and they faced the threat of physical assault during so-called “resurrection riots,” when the snatchers and their customers were attacked by citizens who disapproved of both body snatching and medical dissection.
Body snatchers frequented graveyards for the poor in Britain and for the poor and African Americans in the United States. It is also possible that Jewish cemeteries were popular, as Jewish custom dictates burial within 24 hours of death, and corpses would therefore be relatively fresh. The graves of the poor were preferred because they were unlikely to be guarded. Body snatchers usually worked at night and in teams. They also preferred graves that were covered roughly so that their work would go undetected. Contrary to popular depictions, body snatchers rarely dug up the entire coffin. Instead, they dug a vertical tunnel down to the head end of the coffin, broke the lid, and hoisted the body to the surface with a rope or a long metal hook. The clothes were tossed back into the coffin, the tunnel filled in, and the ground smoothed to make it appear undisturbed. The practice of returning the possessions of the deceased to the coffin created an important distinction between body snatchers and grave robbers. Because body snatching was fairly common in some places (near medical schools, such as in Edinburgh, London, and Philadelphia), the relatives of the recently buried often tried to thwart the body snatchers. They hired guards to watch over graves, erected metal cages around graves, used burial vaults, placed metal or heavy wooden planks over the coffin, used iron coffins, and filled graves with heavy stones. They also tried to deter body snatchers from entering graveyards by building high walls, fixing broken glass to the tops of the walls, and setting trip lines attached to guns.
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Related to body snatching was murder for the purpose of obtaining bodies to sell to medical schools. A person murdered for this purpose was said to have been “burked,” after William Burke, an Irish cobbler who was hanged and dissected in 1829 for his role in murdering and selling the bodies of at least 16 people in Edinburgh. Burke’s accomplices cooperated with the authorities and avoided punishment. Robert Knox, the anatomist who bought the bodies of the victims, also went unpunished, although his reputation and career were damaged. Murders for anatomical specimens are documented elsewhere in Britain and in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States. Such murders were not common, but they always brought public outrage and played a role in the introduction of legislation that normalized and regulated the procurement of cadavers.
The combination of body snatchings, murder, and resurrection riots led to the enactment of the Anatomy Act in Britain in 1832 and similar acts in U.S. states in subsequent years. These acts, which were amended and refined over the years, recognized the need for bodies for medical education and research and sought to control snatching by making more...
The two men were not body snatchers in the conventional sense. Instead of robbing graves they resorted to serial murder. The revelation of their crimes in 1828 led to a huge public outcry, although eminent surgeons had been urging Parliament to change the law for many years.
The body snatchers were also not that strenuously pursued by the authorities, as there was an understanding that the anatomists needed a good supply of cadavers to learn, teach and improve their surgical techniques.
The Decline of the Body Snatchers. The murders carried out by Burke and Hare, and the Bishop gang caused widespread disgust and outrage. They were precisely the catalyst the authorities needed to act.
While the authorities had the body of Margaret Docherty, the medical evidence wasn’t strong enough to prove conclusively that she had been murdered. As for the other victims, their bodies had been publicly disposed of by Robert Knox.
This situation gave rise to underground organizations, known as body snatchers or resurrectionists, which supplied anatomists with bodies which were illegally exhumed from their graves. The lure of money even led some of them to murder people.
