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Sep 13, 2023 · It finds that the government’s salt policies, both reactive and proactive, established its control over salt sources and supply, which resulted in higher revenue, replaced indigenous salt with British salt in Bengal and stifled the salt industry in many regions.
- 1 The Kaizhong Method and The Role of Merchants
- 2 Rent-Seeking: The Participation of Officials and The Private Salt Sale
- 3 Ye Qi: Salt Merchants’ Representative
- 4 Han Wen: Maintaining The State-Run System
- 5 li Wen: Design of Salt System Reform
- 6 Pang Shangpeng and Yuan Shizhen: States’ Interest First
- 7 Other Scholars: Guiding Merchants
The status of merchants in the state monopoly in Ming China was best reflected in the state-owned salt industry activities. ‘The Ming state’s principal intervention in the commercial economy took the form of monopolies controlling aspects of the production and distribution of major commodities’,Footnote 110 such as salt. Although ‘only the state co...
One of the reasons for the immoderate issuance of salt licenses mentioned above was the participation of officials or well-connected merchant families. The state’s control and participation in the salt trade inevitably bred officials who used their control of the country’s policies and power to seek private gain, becoming corrupt. This problem also...
Ye QiFootnote 174 believed that the problems of the state-owned salt industry were essentially contradictions caused by the intermingling of two distinct systems of logic. He believed that, on the one hand, the salt-regulation system was the lifeblood of the national economy. Although the government had incorporated it into the state monopoly, its ...
Under the circumstances that hindered the effectiveness of the salt law, some senior court officials still hoped to maintain the kaizhong system. A representative of this type of philosophy is Han WenFootnote 175 who stated, ‘The rulers of the Ming Dynasty originally hoped to help small merchants. Unfortunately, however, they are now being squeezed...
Regarding the Ming Dynasty’s salt strategy, Li Wen affirmed its initial success but pointed out that it later began to entail increasing disadvantages, stating that ‘each new bill adds a disadvantage to the merchant, and, for each additional disadvantage to the merchant, corrupt officials can obtain additional benefits’.Footnote 183 So, how could s...
The views of the officials in charge of the salt administration are also worth exploring. In the second year of Emperor Longqing (1568), Pang Shangpeng was ordered to lead the salt administration in Lianghuai area, Changlu, Shandong, and other essential places of salt production and sales as well as the border area, in effect serving as the head of...
From the perspective of many scholars, the goal of circulating commercial goods and enriching the country relied on the government guiding merchants behave in advantageous ways by providing incentives to do so. The following are some examples of this type of thought. Zhao BingranFootnote 201emphasized the need for the government to take the initiat...
- Tengda Hua
- huatengda1990@163.com
- 2021
Jul 5, 2017 · The salt monopoly was in essence a quasi-tax in historical China and for certain periods of time salt was directly subject to a tax. The levies on salt had contributed a considerable portion...
Nov 1, 2023 · As this article will demonstrate, while the British salt monopoly severely damaged state-sponsored commercial salt production and undermined a long-distance and large-scale trade in salt, it struggled to curtail home manufacturing and local village-to-village trade on the borders of princely and British India.
Jan 4, 2017 · A monopoly has been running in China since the 7th century BCE, when emperors sought to protect the salt trade. By the third to fifth centuries, salt accounted for 80%-90% of state revenues in some of the kingdoms established after the Han dynasty collapsed. The trade was highly corrupt.
Sep 21, 2023 · Why did salt never become part of the lexicon of protest against British rule until 1930? The article discusses the operation of the salt monopoly, its impact on consumption and health, the criticism it provoked, and the growth of support in the 1920s for protection for the domestic salt industry.
The India Salt Act of 1882 included regulations enforcing a government monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt. Salt could be manufactured and handled only at official government salt depots, with a tax of Rs 1-4-0 on each maund (82 pounds). In 1944 the Central Legislative Assembly passed the Excises and Salt Act (Act No. I of 1944 ...
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