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- Building on Freud’s important work, the chief contemporary stirrers in the pool of Narcissus are the psychoanalysts Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut, whose radically different theories have led to the development of what may be identified as the two main schools of narcissism.
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Oct 29, 2023 · Heinz Kohut developed an entirely new approach to the treatment of NPD. He named and identified the three main narcissistic transferences: mirroring, idealizing, and twinship.
Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut can be considered to be two theorists that have markedly influenced past and current psychoanalytic thinking. Both focused on the observation and treatment of patients who were otherwise thought to be unsuitable for analytic therapy.
- Overview
- Uncovering the Origins of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- The Recognition of Narcissism as a Disorder
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Although the current DSM-5 no longer puts personality disorders in their own category, narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is still recognized as an important condition. It is characterized by symptoms including grandiosity, an exaggerated sense of self-importance, and a lack of empathy for others.
Like other types of personality disorders, narcissistic personality disorder involves a long-term pattern of behaviors and thoughts that cause problems in multiple areas, including work, family, and friendships.
An estimated 1% to 6% of adults are thought to have NPD, although many romantic partners, parents, children, family members, co-workers, and friends are also directly affected by loved ones with this disorder as well.
While the concept of narcissism dates back thousands of years, narcissistic personality disorder was only recognized as an illness in the last 50 years. To better understand how psychologists and researchers view NPD, it is essential to take a closer look at how this personality disorder came to be recognized.
The Role of Genetics in Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder has its earliest roots in ancient Greek mythology. According to myth, Narcissus was a handsome and proud young man. Upon seeing his reflection on the water for the first time, he became so enamored that he could not stop gazing at his own image. He remained at the water's edge until he eventually wasted to death.
The concept of excessive self-admiration has been explored by various philosophers and thinkers throughout history. In the past, the idea was known as hubris, a state of extreme arrogance and haughtiness that often involves being out of touch with reality.
It wasn't until fairly recently that the notion of narcissism as a disorder became a subject of scientific interest in the field of psychology.
During the early 1900s, the topic of narcissism began to attract interest in the growing school of thought known as psychoanalysis. Austrian psychoanalyst Otto Rank published one of the earliest descriptions of narcissism in 1911, in which he connected it to self-admiration and vanity.
During the 1950s and 1960s, psychoanalysts Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut sparked more interest in narcissism with their research. In 1967, Kernberg described "narcissistic personality structure." He developed a theory of narcissism that suggested three major types: normal adult narcissism, normal infantile narcissism, and pathological narcissism, which can have its own different types.
In 1968, Kohut came to a different understanding of "narcissistic personality disorder" by examining some of Freud's earlier ideas about narcissism and expanding upon them.
Narcissism played an important role in Kohut's theory of self-psychology, which suggested narcissism was a normal and essential aspect of development and that difficulties with early "self-object" relationships could lead to challenges in maintaining an adequate sense of self-esteem later in life, contributing to narcissistic disorders.
In 1980, narcissistic personality disorder was officially recognized in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder and criteria were established for its diagnosis. There has been some debate about how to categorize personality disorders in the recent DSM-5, but narcissistic and other personality disorders remain relatively unchanged in their diagnostic criteria from previous editions.
What to Know About Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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In the present paper, we have examined the theories of,Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut, the two most influential, howeverdisagreeing, psychoanalytic thinkers on the topic. For the purpose ofthe comparative review, we have examined multiple convergences anddivergences of their theories.
- Ana Schmıdt
- 2019
Jul 5, 2018 · However, the respective (and conflicting) theories of the psychoanalysts Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg might be said to have exerted the most influence on modern conceptualisations of narcissism and on shaping the construct of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).
- Jessica Yakeley
- 2018
Narcissus are the psychoanalysts Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut, whose radically different theories have led to the development of what may be identified as the two main schools of narcissism.
Jan 1, 2020 · The ongoing theoretical debate between Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut on the developmental origins and treatment of narcissism, however, sparked its clinical popularity and ultimate inclusion in the DSM. Kernberg and Kohut’s writings on narcissism were a reaction to increased clinical interest in treating these patients.
