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Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into materials of varying hardness, elasticity, and mechanical durability by heating them with sulfur [1] or sulfur-containing compounds. [2]
- History
- How Vulcanization Works
- Effects of Vulcanization
- Uses of Vulcanized Rubber
- References
Many plants produce latex, including the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), bananas, milkweeds, and dandelions. Latex contains the polymerpolyisoprene, which is elastic and waterproof. Archeological studies show the Mesoamericans used rubber for balls and waterproofing textiles and containers. Charles Marie de La Condamine presented samples of Ameri...
Vulcanization hardens or cures rubber by cross-linking its polymer strands. In Goodyear’s process, heat supplies the energy to connect the carbon atoms in polyisoprene molecules by sulfur bridges. The number of sulfur atoms forming the chain between molecules influences the final properties of the vulcanized rubber. For example, short rubber crossl...
Vulcanization changes the chemical composition of rubber, so of course it alters the material’s chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Here are some of the effects: 1. Shrinkage: Vulcanization shrinks rubber, as cross-linking draws the polymer chains closer together. 2. Irreversible: The effects of vulcanization are permanent and cannot be ...
Today, most rubber is vulcanized. Vulcanized rubber finds use in vehicle tires, shoe soles, erasers, toys, shoe soles, wet suits, hoses, and belts.
Akiba, M. (1997). “Vulcanization and crosslinking in elastomers”. Progress in Polymer Science. 22 (3): 475–521. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00015-9Engels, Hans-Wilhelm; et al. (2011) “Rubber, 9. Chemicals and Additives”. Ullman’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_365.pub3Hosler, D.; Burkett, S.L.; Tarkanian, M.J. (1999). “Prehistoric polymers: Rubber processing in ancient Mesoamerica”. Science. 284 (5422): 1988–1991. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988Mark, James E.; Erman, Burak (eds.) (2005). Science and Technology of Tubber. ISBN 0-12-464786-3.The main polymers subjected to sulfur vulcanization are polyisoprene (natural rubber) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which are used for most street-vehicle tires. The cure package is adjusted specifically for the substrate and the application.
Oct 6, 2024 · Vulcanization is a chemical process that transforms raw rubber into a stronger, more durable material known as vulcanized rubber. By applying heat, pressure, and sulfur, the molecular structure of the rubber is altered, enhancing its elasticity, toughness, and resistance to wear and damage.
This chapter is an overview of the science and technology of vulcanization. Emphasis is placed on general-purpose “high-diene” rubbers; for example, natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and butadiene rubber (BR), vulcanized by sulfur in the presence of organic accelerators.
In its simplest form, vulcanization is brought about by heating rubber with sulfur. The process was discovered in 1839 by the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear, who also noted the important function of certain additional substances in the process.
The most basic requirement for sulfur vulcanization is the availability of double bonds on the rubber hydrocarbon. The nonsulfur cross-linking agents include organic peroxides, quinines and their oximes and imines, metallic oxides, and high energy radiation.
