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Collagen and elastin
journals.sagepub.com
- Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharides which are composed of repeating disaccharide units and are also called GAGs or mucopolysaccharides due to their viscous and lubricating properties, just like in mucous secretions. They are found in collagen and elastin and water sticks to GAGs which allows resistance to pressure.
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The repeating two-sugar unit consists of a uronic sugar and an amino sugar, except in the case of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan keratan, where, in place of the uronic sugar there is a galactose unit. [3] GAGs are found in vertebrates, invertebrates and bacteria. [4]
Mar 27, 2023 · KS type I GAG chains are tethered to a PG protein core by a complex glycan structure utilizing an asparagine amino acid link. KS type II chains are predominantly found in cartilage and utilize an N -acetylgalactosamine link via a serine or threonine residue.
- Jarett Casale, Jonathan S. Crane
- 2023/03/27
- Glycosaminoglycans
- Hyaluronans
- Chondroitin Sulfates
- Dermatan Sulfates
- Heparin and Heparan Sulfates
- Keratan Sulfates
- Proteoglycans
- Clinical Significance of Glycosaminoglycan Degradation
The most abundant heteropolysaccharides in the body are the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The glycosaminoglycans are historically referred to as the mucopolysaccharides given that they were originally characterized in mucus membranes and mucosal exudates. The GAG molecules are long unbranched polysaccharides containing a repeating disaccharide unit. T...
Virtually all cells in the human body synthesize the hyaluronans. As tissues expand and cells need to migrate, the synthesis of hyaluronans increases. Indeed, hyaluronans have essential roles in development, tissue organization, cell proliferation, and signal transduction processes. Hyaluronan synthesis is catalyzed by a family of hyaluronan syntha...
The typical chondroitin sulfate disaccharide unit in humans is composed of GalNAc and GlcA, both of which can be highly sulfate modified. Chondroitin sulfate GAGs are polymerized into long chains. The incorporation of sulfur into the chondroitin sulfate sugars is a highly complex process involving multiple sulfotransferases, as is the case for the ...
Dermatan sulfates in humans are composed of repeating disaccharide units of iduronic acid and GalNAc. The name of this class of GAG is derived from the fact that they represent the predominant GAG in the skin (dermis). Although the presence of GalNAc technically identifies dermatan sulfate as a chondroitin sulfate, the presence of the iduronic acid...
Heparin and heparan sulfates are initially composed of GlcNAc and glucuronic acid (GlcA) disaccharide units. Following formation of the disaccharide unit it undergoes extensive modifications. Both disaccharide units are sulfated with heparins being more highly sulfated than heparan sulfates. Heparin is produced solely as serglycin proteoglycan (see...
The term keratan was originally coined in reference to the fact that this GAG structure was originally identified in the cornea. Keratan sulfates are composed of a highly sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain [Galβ(1→4)GlcNAc]. The poly-N-acetyllactosamine structure of keratan sulfates is the same as that found attached to many glycoproteins of t...
The majority of GAGs in the body are linked to core proteins, forming proteoglycans. The GAGs extend perpendicularly from the core in a brush-like structure. The linkage of GAGs to the protein core, in most but not all proteoglycans, involves a specific tetrasaccharide linker composed of a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue, two galactose (Gal) residue...
Proteoglycans and GAGs perform numerous vital functions within the body, some of which still remain to be elucidated. One well-defined function of the GAG, heparin, is its role in preventing coagulation of the blood. Heparin is abundant in granules of mast cells that line blood vessels. The release of heparin from these granules, in response to inj...
Most GAGs are first attached to the core protein and polymerized in the Golgi apparatus, where they are subsequently sulfated. This sulfation greatly affects the biological properties of the molecule. Hyaluronan, a non-sulfated free polysaccharide is synthesized at the plasma membrane level (5).
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides formed of a repeating disaccharide units of hexuronic acid and hexosamine. As proteoglycans, where their chains are linked to the protein cores, they are ubiquitously found in plasma membranes and extracellular matrix.
One or more GAG chains are usually found in nature bound to polypeptide backbones in the form of proteoglycans; HA is the exception. In the nervous system, GAG/proteoglycan-mediated interactions participate in proliferation and synaptogenesis, neural plasticity, and regeneration.
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is the name used for six different types of long linear polysaccharide chains composed of specific disaccharide units. The six types of GAG include chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HP), and hyaluronic acid (HA) [5,6] .
