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Livonia in 1820. Livonia[a] or in earlier records Livland, [1] is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia. By the end of the 13th century, the name was extended to most of present-day Estonia and Latvia, which the Livonian Brothers of the Sword ...
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By the late 1550s, the Reformation and Counter-Reformation had caused internal conflicts in the Livonian Confederation, a loose alliance in what is now Estonia and Latvia led by the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights. The knights were formed in 1237, the Confederacy in 1418. Originally allied with the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism was now ...
The Baltic has seen many struggles between various powers to control the region, motivated by both commercial and strategic interest. The Baltic states of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia have historically either fallen to Scandinavian or to Russian domination. After the Great Northern War (1700-1721) the Baltic passed back into Russian hands as Swedi...
Longworth, Philip. 2006. Russia: The Once and Future Empire from Pre-History to Putin. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312360412.Martin, Janet. 1995. Medieval Russia: 980-1584. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521362764.O'Connor, Kevin. 2006. Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. Culture and customs of Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313331251.Plakans, Andrejs. 1995. The Latvians: A Short History. Studies of Nationalities. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. ISBN 9780415285803.In 1558 Ivan IV of Russia invaded Livonia, hoping to gain access to the Baltic Sea and to take advantage of the weakness of the Livonian Knights; he seized Narva and Dorpat and besieged Reval. The Knights, unable to withstand the Russian attack, dissolved their Order (1561); they placed Livonia proper under Lithuanian protection and gave Courland to Poland, Estonia to Sweden , and Oesel to ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Swedish Estonia is coloured green. [1] The Duchy of Livonia, [2][a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, [b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia and southern Estonia.
Livonia, lands on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, north of Lithuania; the name was originally applied by Germans in the 12th century to the area inhabited by the Livs, a Finno-Ugric people whose settlements centred on the mouths of the Western Dvina and Gauja rivers, but eventually it was used to refer to nearly all of modern Latvia and Estonia.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Livonian War. The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
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The Swedes are driven out of Livonia in 1601. Further attacks on Riga in 1604 and Courland in 1605 also fail, but the ... farms laid waste, ...
