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Jun 1, 2013 · The story of our dirty words begins with the Angles and Saxons, and later the VIkings, Germanic and Scandinavian tribes that invaded the British Isles in successive waves from A.D. 450 to 1050,...
Jun 3, 2022 · There was a time before sex. When the earth was new, all living things reproduced asexually: rather than finding sexual partners, individuals begot copies of themselves to perpetuate their ilk. This was simple.
History of human sexuality. The social construction of human sexuality and sexual behavior —along with its taboos, regulation, and social and political impact—has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since prehistoric times.
- Sex and Gender: Used interchangeably
- Definitions of Sex
- Definitions of Gender
Some authors used the terms interchangeably (an observation also noted by Etaugh and Bridges 2010; Glasser and Smith 2008; Pryzgoda and Chrisler 2000). Glasser and Smith (2008) found that about one third of the articles they reviewed used both terms, often synonymously; for example, some authors wrote that the variable “sex” represented the “gender...
Sex: Reserved for Sexual Behavior
Some authors chose to reserve the word sex to refer to sexual behaviors and feelings. For example, Hyde (2007) discussed the ambiguity of the word sex: “Sometimes it is used to refer to sexual behaviors such as sexual intercourse, whereas at other times it is used to refer to males and females. ... To reduce this ambiguity, I am going to use the term sex to refer to sexual behaviors and the term genderto refer to males and females” (p. 5). The current edition of the Publication Manual of the...
Sex: Chromosomes, Hormones, and Reproductive Anatomy
Some authors defined sex as the physical characteristics that differ in males and females, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy. Although these authors presented definitions referring to anatomy, they also used sex to refer to the categories female and male. For example, 1. Rider (2005) wrote that sex “refers to biological or physiological aspects of maleness or femaleness. Thus, a sex difference would be the anatomically different reproductive systems of males and females”...
Sex: Categories Based on Chromosomes, Hormones, and Reproductive Anatomy
Other authors defined sex as categoriesbased on chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy. For example, 1. Wood (1999) wrote that “Sex is a designation based on biology, while gender is socially and psychologically constructed. ... Sexis classified by biological characteristics. Our society uses genetic and biological qualities to define whether a person is male or female” (p. 20). 2. Rosenblum and Travis (2003) wrote that “sexrefers to females and males—that is, to chromosomal, hormona...
Gender: Maleness and Femaleness
Some authors used gender to refer to males and females. For example, Hyde (2007), who reserved the term sex to refer to sexual behavior, defined gender as “the state of being male or female” (p. 5). She added, “I am simply going to use gender differences for male-female differences, and leave their causation as a separate question” (Hyde 2007, p. 5). Thus, Hyde defined genderbroadly, such that even a male–female difference in anatomy would be a gender difference.
Gender: Social Groups or Categories
Some authors used gender to refer to the categories female or male—or women and men—when the focus was on the social importance of these categories. The focus on social relevance makes this definition of gender narrower than Hyde’s definition. For example, Helgeson (2005) wrote that gender“refers to the social categories of male and female. These categories are distinguished from one another by a set of psychological features and role attributions that society has assigned to the biological c...
Gender: Traits and Characteristics Resulting from Social Origins
Goldberg (2010) observed that gender is used “to represent social and cultural influences on males and females” (p. 1). Although we had difficulty finding examples of definitions of sex that referred to origins, we were able to find numerous examples of definitions of gender that referred to origins. For example, Denmark et al. (2005) defined genderas “a social construction that refers to how differences between girls and boys and women and men are created and explained by society. It refutes...
- Charlene L. Muehlenhard, Zoe D. Peterson
- 2011
Jun 8, 2022 · This bleaker history happens over decades (five, to be exact), culminating in gender’s creation as a concept in the 1950s, so as, some would say, to save the binary division of sex (sex as male and female) from its own collapse.
Jul 7, 2015 · In the landmark 1986 book Origins of Sex, biologist Lynn Margulis and science writer Dorion Sagan trace the first appearance of sex back billions of years, to bacteria. Here, they describe the complex evolutionary history that their book will seek to untangle.
May 1, 2012 · Sex became a central topic in poetry, drama, and fiction; diarists such as Samuel Pepys obsessed over it. In the 1700s, it became possible for a Church of Scotland leader to commend complete sexual liberty for both men and women.
