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Dec 5, 2013 · Our understanding of gravity breaks down at both the very small and the very big: at the level of atoms and molecules, gravity just stops working.
- Newtonian Gravity
- Planet Vulcan
- Special Relativity
- Einstein Predicts Gravitational Redshift
- General Relativity
- Einstein Theorises Stimulated Emission
- Prediction of Frame Dragging
- First Observation of Gravitational Lensing
- First Measurement of Gravitational Redshift
- Gravitational Redshift Verified
Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, giving a comprehensive account of gravity. This gave astronomers an accurate toolbox for predicting the motions of planets. But it was not without its problems, such as calculating the precise orbit of the planet Mercury. All planets’ orbits precess– with the closest point of thei...
To explain Mercury’s odd behaviour, Urbain Le Verrierproposed the existence of an unseen planet called [Vulcan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet), which orbited closer to the sun. He suggested that the gravity from Vulcan was influencing Mercury’s orbit. But repeated observations revealed no signs of Vulcan.
Albert Einstein shakes up physics with his special theory of relativity. He then started incorporating gravity into his equations, which led to his next breakthrough.
What we now call gravitational redshift was first proposed by Einstein from his thoughts in the development of general relativity. Einstein predicted that the wavelength of light coming from atoms in a strong gravitational field will lengthen as it escapes the gravitational force. The longer wavelength shifts the photon to the red end of the electr...
Albert Einstein publishes general theory of relativity. The first great success was its accurate prediction of Mercury’s orbit, including its previously inscrutable precession. The theory also predicts the existence of black holes and gravitational waves, although Einstein himself often struggled to understand them.
In 1917, Einstein publishes a paper on the quantum theory of radiation indicating stimulated emissionwas possible. Einstein proposed that an excited atom could return to a lower energy state by releasing energy in the form of photons in a process called spontaneous emission. In stimulated emission, an incoming photon interacts with the excited atom...
Josef Lense and Hans Thirringtheorise that the rotation of a massive object in space would “drag” spacetime around with it.
Gravitational lensing is the bending of light around massive objects, such as a black hole, allowing us to view objects that lie behind it. During a total solar eclipse in May 1919, stars near the sun were observed slightly out of position. This indicated that light was bending due to the sun’s mass.
Walter Sydney Adamsexamined light emitted from the surface of massive stars and detected a redshift, as Einstein predicted.
The theory was conclusively tested by Robert Pound and Glen Rebka by measuring the relative redshift of two sources at the top and bottom of Harvard University’s Jefferson Laboratory tower. The experiment accurately measuredthe tiny change in energies as photons travelled between the top and the bottom.
Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, which describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along geodesic lines.
Dec 27, 2023 · The concept of gravity has been understood and observed for centuries. The credit for formalizing the laws of gravity goes to Sir Isaac Newton. The phenomenon of gravity was observed even before Newton by many ancient cultures, but there was no systematic explanation for it.
Isaac Newton changed the way we understand the Universe. Revered in his own lifetime, he discovered the laws of gravity and motion and invented calculus. He helped to shape our rational world...
In the 6th century CE, Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus modified the Aristotelian concept of gravity with the theory of impetus. In the 7th century, Indian astronomer Brahmagupta spoke of gravity as an attractive force.
Isaac Newton was the first to develop a quantitative theory of gravity, holding that the force of attraction between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
