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     • The classic social-contract theorists of the 17th and 18th centuries— Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), John Locke (1632–1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78)—held that the social contract is the means by which civilized society, including government, arises from a historically or logically preexisting condition of stateless anarchy, or a “ state of nature.”
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     The Social Contract and Philosophy | Britannica

2. People also ask

   What was the state of nature before Rousseau?

   • The two most famous accounts of the state of nature prior to Rousseau’s are those of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Hobbes contends that human beings are motivated purely by self-interest, and that the state of nature, which is the state of human beings without civil society, is the war of every person against every other.

   Rousseau, Jean-Jacques | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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   What does Rousseau say about human nature?

   • And although this way of examining human nature is consistent with other modern thinkers, Rousseau’s picture of “man in his natural state,” is radically different. Hobbes describes each human in the state of nature as being in a constant state of war against all others; hence life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.

   Rousseau, Jean-Jacques | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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   What does Rousseau say about society?

   • For Rousseau, modern society generally compares unfavorably to the “state of nature.” As Rousseau discusses in Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract, the state of nature is the hypothetical, prehistoric place and time where human beings live uncorrupted by society.

   Defining the Natural and the State of Nature - SparkNotes

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   Was Rousseau a literal historical account?

   • This is in stark contrast to the classical view, most notably that of Aristotle, which claims that the state of civil society is the natural human state. Like Hobbes and Locke, however, it is doubtful that Rousseau meant his readers to understand the pure state of nature that he describes in the Second Discourse as a literal historical account.

   Rousseau, Jean-Jacques | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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   How does Rousseau describe the pure state of nature?

   • Having described the pure state of nature in the first part of the Second Discourse, Rousseau’s task in the second part is to explain the complex series of historical events that moved humans from this state to the state of present day civil society.

   Rousseau, Jean-Jacques | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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   Is Rousseau more positive than Hobbes?

   • In this regard, Rousseau’s conception of the state of nature is entirely more positive than Hobbes’s conception of the same idea, as Hobbes, who originated the term, viewed the state of nature as essentially a state of war and savagery.

   Defining the Natural and the State of Nature - SparkNotes

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3. www.britannica.com › topic › state-of-natureState of nature | Definition, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau ...

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   Aug 20, 2024 · The notion of a state of nature was an essential element of the social-contract theories of the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and John Locke (1632–1704) and the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78).

4. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › State_of_natureState of nature - Wikipedia

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   In ethics, political philosophy, social contract theory, religion, and international law, the term state of nature describes the hypothetical way of life that existed before humans organised themselves into societies or civilizations. [1]

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6. www.worldhistory.org › State_of_NatureState of Nature - World History Encyclopedia

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   Feb 1, 2024 · The State of Nature is an idea which became especially popular with certain philosophers during the Enlightenment, notably Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).

   • Author: Mark Cartwright

7. www.sparknotes.com › philosophy › socialcontractThe Social Contract Defining the Natural and the State of Nature

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   As Rousseau discusses in Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract, the state of nature is the hypothetical, prehistoric place and time where human beings live uncorrupted by society.

8. www.britannica.com › topic › state-of-natureState of nature - Locke, Natural Rights, Equality | Britannica

   www.britannica.com › topic › state-of-nature

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   Aug 20, 2024 · The state of nature, for Rousseau, is a morally neutral and peaceful condition in which (mainly) solitary individuals act according to their basic urges (for instance, hunger) as well as their natural desire for self-preservation.

9. www.oxfordreference.com › display › 10State of nature - Oxford Reference

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   2 days ago · state of nature. The state of human beings outside civil society, invoked by philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, in order to clarify what is explained by nature as opposed to what is explained by convention, and what is justified in each way.

10. iep.utm.edu › rousseauRousseau, Jean-Jacques | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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    The two most famous accounts of the state of nature prior to Rousseau’s are those of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Hobbes contends that human beings are motivated purely by self-interest, and that the state of nature, which is the state of human beings without civil society, is the war of every person against every other.