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- a clear passageway to all escape routes clearly marked and protected escape routes that are as short and direct as possible enough exits and routes for all people to escape emergency doors that open easily emergency lighting where needed training for all employees to know and use the escape routes a safe meeting point for staff and building users
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Jul 27, 2021 · There are a number of escape sets available for use and these fall broadly into three categories: Compressed air with hood. Compressed air with facemask. Chemical oxygen. This guide focuses on inspecting, carrying and donning these three types of escape sets.
Sep 12, 2023 · All doors on escape routes should open in the direction of escape and ideally be fitted with a safety vision panel.
Types. Autonomous breathing gas supply. These breathing apparatus carry a supply of breathing gas calculated to be sufficient for most users to escape within the specified time-frame. Rebreathers. Atmospheric air contains about 21% oxygen. In normal breathing the body uses about 4% and replaces it with carbon dioxide.
Enforcement, appeals and penalties. Fire safety and evacuation plans. Your plan must show how you have: a clear passageway to all escape routes. clearly marked escape routes that are as short...
- Introduction
- Evacuation Guidelines
This document sets out 9 national guidelines to the FRS intended to support operational guidance and operational practices during a full or partial evacuation from high rise residential buildings. These guidelines arise from recommendation 33.22a from the Grenfell Tower Inquiry (Phase 1), which was “That the government develop national guidelines for carrying out partial or total evacuations of high-rise residential buildings, such guidelines to include the means of protecting fire exit routes and procedures for evacuating persons who are unable to use the stairs in an emergency, or who may require assistance (such as disabled people, those with cognitive impairment, older people and young children).”
The guidelines derive predominantly from recent research. This includes the research recommended by the Technical Steering Group which convened in advance of the Grenfell Phase 1 report publication:
•Evacuation from fire in high-rise residential buildings: ‘A rapid evidence review’, published November 2022;
•the University of Central Lancashire’s live evacuation exercises in a high-rise building, for which the Home Office has produced a summary of the findings;
•Human behaviour and public confidence strand, ‘Information sharing and support among residents in response to fire incidents in high-rise residential buildings’ by University of Edinburgh, published in June 2023[footnote 1].
In addition, two of the guidelines draw on information from stakeholders in connection with the 2021 PEEPs consultation and the subsequent EEIS consultation.
Guideline 1: Building height (timing of evacuation)
Fire and Rescue Services should be aware that the total evacuation time in the stairwell should not be derived from travel distance alone. Doubling the building height does not necessarily double the total evacuation time. Evidence base: Stair movement is an important consideration in evacuation. It can be affected by individual abilities/vulnerabilities and the conditions faced on the stair – influenced by the actions of others and the stair configuration itself, including the distances that need to be traversed. The understanding of the movement of residents in a building is particularly important when considering how long it will take to simultaneously evacuate a building. Simultaneous evacuation maximises the demand on the available stair capacity – placing more of a burden on stair movement. The UCLan SAFE analysis therefore focused on simultaneous evacuation to more precisely explore the stair movement component. It should be noted in a real event, pre-evacuation time (often termed pre-movement time), may be a considerable proportion of the whole evacuation time, depending on the circumstances. Other factors may also affect the evacuation times across different number of floors. The Rapid Evidence review noted studies that found that the pre-evacuation time could be the same or longer than the evacuation movement time and can contribute to substantial increases in overall evacuation time. The review found that there were various factors that impacted the average times for people to evacuate a residential building, such as residents searching for more information, or getting belongings together – both of which might prolong the pre-evacuation time.
Guideline 2: Staircases (timing of evacuation)
There is a benefit of having an unobstructed staircase for the sole use of evacuation in a building during a fire incident. When there are two staircases present, using one staircase for firefighter activities and equipment and one solely for evacuation may provide an advantage in terms of total stairwell transit time.[footnote 2] Evidence base: The Home Office summary of the UCLan report showed that in a two-staircase building, using the 2nd staircase solely for firefighters decreased evacuation time by up to 53%. Table 1: Single staircase v two staircases Table shows data from Home Office summary, demonstrating the difference of evacuation times with a single staircase and then using a second staircase used solely by firefighters. The use of two staircases provided a quicker evacuation total time during the live tests when compared to the single staircase live trials. The data does not consider pre-evacuation time during the evacuation. As previously outlined, the evacuation evidence review found that pre-evacuation times can have a large effect on overall evaluation times, and evidence from the UCLan research suggests congestion can cause reduced movement speeds. Different pre-evacuation times between residents may affect levels of congestion. However, as this has not been tested, we are unable to comment on any potential impact. Other factors influencing congestion include slower moving residents, who in future may increase as a proportion of total residents due to age demographic shifts.
Guideline 3: Evacuation Alert Systems v door-knocking
Where an evacuation alert system is present, using this to initiate evacuation can significantly reduce total evacuation time, when compared to relying on door-knocking alone. Fire and Rescue Services should also be aware of the development of alternative methods and tools to assist in communicating with occupants during a fire. Evidence base: The live experiment conducted by UCLan observed that using an Evacuation Alert System reduced total stairwell transit time when compared to door-knocking alone: Table 2 uses their data. These live trials did not consider pre-movement time. British Standard write that the RP should engage with the FRS to familiarise with the equipment once it has been installed so that any use can be planned ahead of an incident. Table 2: Evacuation Alert System vs door knocking. The table shows data from the Home Office summary showing the evacuation time difference of using an evacuation alert system compared to manual door-knocking. Examples of alternative methods to assist in an evacuation of a building include drones and loudspeakers: Many FRSs have drones, used for a variety of operational situations, and it has been suggested that they could be used to support evacuation, albeit with potential limitations for example due to poor weather conditions. Currently, we are not aware of any FRS which has a drone-led evacuation support system in live operation. Merseyside FRS have also started to trial the use of portable loudspeaker systems deployed on fire and rescue vehicles since early 2023. The FRS can use the loudspeaker in an evacuation to send live updates or can play pre-recorded messages in different languages which can be targeted to specific floors in a building. Home Office will work with Merseyside FRS to assess its benefits and any limitations.
There are really 3 types of escape set, also known as ELSA (Emergency Life Saving Apparatus) on the market produced in slightly different looks by all of the major players. These are the constant flow hood type, positive pressure full face mask and chemical re-breathers.
Sep 28, 2023 · Fire escapes should be like unbreakable shields, protecting you from the heat and flames. Your exit doors should use fire-resistant materials like steel, fibreglass, fire-rated wood, aluminium, tempered glass, and fireproof composite materials.
