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- Sanskrit (/ ˈsænskrɪt /; attributively 𑀲𑀁𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀾𑀢𑀁, संस्कृत-, saṃskṛta-; nominally संस्कृतम्, saṃskṛtam, IPA: [ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm] [b]) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism.
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History. Origin and development. Left: The Kurgan hypothesis on Indo-European migrations between 4000 and 1000 BCE; right: The geographical spread of the Indo-European languages at 500 CE, with Sanskrit in South Asia. Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European family of languages.
Oct 22, 2024 · Sanskrit language, an Old Indo-Aryan language in which the most ancient documents are the Vedas, composed in what is called Vedic Sanskrit. In its grammatical structure, Sanskrit is similar to other early Indo-European languages such as Greek and Latin.
- George Cardona
Aug 22, 2016 · Classical Sanskrit has its origin in the end of the Vedic period when the Upanishads were the last sacred texts to be written down, after which Panini, a descendant of Pani and a grammar and linguistic researcher, introduced the refined version of the language.
- Nikul Joshi
- Phonology
- Writing System
- Grammar
- Influence
- See Also
- References
- External Links
Classical Sanskrit distinguishes about thirty-six phonemes. There is, however, some allophony and the writing systems used for Sanskrit generally indicate this, thus distinguishing forty-eight sounds The sounds are traditionally listed in the order vowels (Ach), diphthongs (Hal), anusvara and visarga, plosives (Sparśa) and nasals (starting in the b...
Historically, Sanskrit was not associated with any particular script. The emphasis on orality, not textuality, in the Vedic Sanskrit tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. When Sanskrit was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. As such, virtuall...
Grammatical tradition
Sanskrit grammatical tradition (vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedanga disciplines) began in late Vedic India and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, which consists of 3990 sutras (c. fifth century B.C.E.). After a century Pāṇini (around 400 B.C.E.) Kātyāyana composed Vārtikas on Pāninian sũtras. Patañjali, who lived three centuries after Pānini, wrote the Mahābhāṣya, the "Great Commentary" on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vārtikas. Because of these three ancient Sanskrit grammarians this grammar is call...
Verbs: Conjugation
Each verb has a grammatical voice, whether active, passive or middle. There is also an impersonal voice, which can be described as the passive voice of intransitive verbs. Sanskrit verbs have an indicative, an optative and an imperative mood. Older forms of the language had a subjunctive, though this had fallen out of use by the time of Classical Sanskrit.
Nominal inflection
Sanskrit is a highly inflected language with three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and three numbers (singular, plural, dual). It has eight cases: Nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, and locative. The number of actual declensions is debatable. Panini identifies six karakascorresponding to the nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, locative, and ablative cases. Panini defines them as follows (Ashtadhyayi, I.4.24-54): 1. Apadana(l...
Symbolic usage
In the Republic of India and Indonesia, Sanskrit phrases are widely used as mottoes for various educational and social organizations (much as Latin is used by some institutions in the West). The mottoof the Republic is also in Sanskrit. Republic of India 1. Satyameva Jayate Nepal 1. Janani Janmabhūmis ca Svargād api garīyasi"Mother and motherland are greater than heaven" Goa 1. Sarve Bhadrāni Paśyantu Mā Kaścid Duhkhabhāg bhavet Life Insurance Corporation of India 1. Yogakshemam Vahāmyaham In...
Interactions with eastern and southeastern Asiatic languages
Sanskrit and related languages have also influenced their Sino-Tibetan-speaking neighbors to the north through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to Chinaby Mahayanist missionaries mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit texts, and many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Although Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is not Sanskrit, properly speaking, its vocabulary is substantially the same, both be...
Modern usage
Many of India's scientific discoveries and developments are named in Sanskrit, as a counterpart of the western practice of naming scientific developments in Latin or Greek. The Indian guided missile program that was commenced in 1983 by DRDO has named the five missiles (ballistic and others) that it has developed as Prithvi, Agni, Akash, Nag and Trishul. India's first modern fighter aircraftis named Tejas. This practice is usually followed in scientific institutions in India also. Recital of...
AvestanSanskrit numeralsAbhyankar, Kashinath V. A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1986.Burrow, T. The Sanskrit Language. London: Faber and Faber, 1955. ISBN 8120817672.Coulson, Michael, Richard Gombrich, and James D. Benson. Sanskrit: An Introduction to the Classical Language. Sevenoaks: Teach Yourself, 1992. ISBN 978-0340568675.Goldman, Robert P. Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language. Berkeley, CA: Center for South Asia Studies, University of California, 1999. ISBN 0944613403.All links retrieved August 31, 2019. 1. American Sanskrit Institute. 2. Sanskritat Ethnologue 3. Sanskrit: The Language of Ancient India. 4. Sanskrit Alphabetin Devanagari, Gujarati, Thai scripts with an extensive list of Devanagari and Gujarati conjuncts. 5. GRETIL: Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages, a cumulative register ...
Nov 6, 2019 · The Sanskrit language developed out of proto-Indo-European, which is the root of most languages in Europe, Persia (Iran), and India. Its closest cousins are Old Persian, and Avestan, which is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. Pre-Classical Sanskrit, including the language of the Rigveda, is called Vedic Sanskrit.
- Kallie Szczepanski
Historically, Sanskrit including Vedic belongs to the oldest period of the Indo-Aryan line, hence it is known as old Indo-Aryan (=OIA) which extends from 1500-500 B.C, covering a period of one thousand years.
Oct 14, 2023 · This article delves into the origins of Sanskrit, tracing its roots and charting the development of its various stages, with a particular focus on the transition from Proto-Indo-European to ...
