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These are abbreviations from Latin: ' loc. cit. ' (from the Latin loco citato, 'in the place cited'); ' op. cit. ' (from the Latin opere citato, 'in the work cited'); ' ibid ' (from the Latin ibidem, 'in the same place'). These are confusing to many readers, give little or no saving in words or space, and are not recommended.
- Ibid.
- Loc. Cit. and Op. Cit.
- Passim
- Cf.
- A Final Note
One widely used Latin term in academic referencing is “ibid.” This is short for ibidem, which means “in the same place.” It is therefore used for repeat citations: 1. Danielle Ward, Any Questions? (London: DTRT Publishing, 2017), p. 30. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., p. 39-41. Here, for example, we have three footnotes that all cite the same source. We give th...
The Latin terms “loc. cit.” and “op. cit.” are also used for repeat citations, but each one has a specific function. “Loc. cit.” is an abbreviation of loco citato, which means “in the place cited.” It is used when citing the exact same part of a source as in a previous citation: 1. Danielle Ward, Any Questions? (London: DTRT Publishing, 2017), p. 3...
“Passim” comes from the Latin word passus, which meant “scattered.” We therefore use it to reference information that is scattered throughout a text: This usage of “democracy” is repeated throughout the text (Carlin, 2007, passim). Generally, it is better to give an exact citation. But you can use “passim” to point to relevant information that appe...
The term “cf.” is short for conferatum. This translates as “compare,” so we use “cf.” when we want to highlight a text for comparison: The approach adopted by Robins (2002) is a striking contrast to those used by their predecessors (cf. Blackburn, 1974). In this case, for instance, we’re using “cf.” to suggest a contrast between Robins and Blackbur...
Keep in mind that different referencing systems prefer different Latin terms! If you’re not sure which of these to use in your work, remember to check your college style guide first. And if you’d like any help with the referencing or citations in your work, get in touch with our academic proofreaders.
Mar 19, 2018 · The second citation above, for example, refers to page 45 of the same source as the previous citation. Op. Cit. and Loc. Cit. (In the Place/Work Cited) ‘Op. cit.’ is short for opere citato, meaning ‘in the work cited’. ‘Loc. cit.’, meanwhile, is short for loco citato, meaning ‘in the place cited’. They are both used for repeat ...
Sep 22, 2023 · Id. This is an abbreviation of the Latin word Idem, meaning "the same". It is used in a reference in place of an author's name to indicate that the author is the same as in the preceding reference. Loc. cit. This is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase loco citato, meaning ‘in the place cited’. It refers to the work in the immediately ...
- Nicola Nye
- 2017
- Ibid. (In the Same Place) ‘Ibid.’ is short for ibidem, which means ‘in the same place’. It is used to prevent repetition when citing the same text twice in a row.
- Loc. Cit. and Op. (More Repeat Citations) Like ‘ibid.’ , these Latin terms are also used for repeat citations in footnotes. ‘ Loc cit.’ is short for loco citato, which means ‘in the place cited’. ‘
- Et Al. (And Others) is short for et alia, which means ‘and others’. It is used when a text has too many authors to cite in one place (or for repeat citations of sources with more than two authors)
- Cf. (Compare With) ‘Cf.’ is short for conferatum, which is Latin for ‘compare’. It is therefore not used when citing a source, but instead when pointing the reader to a text to compare with the point being made
These are abbreviations from Latin: ' loc. cit. ' (from the Latin loco citato, 'in the place cited'); ' op. cit. ' (from the Latin opere citato, 'in the work cited'); ' ibid ' (from the Latin ibidem, 'in the same place'). These are confusing to many readers, give little or no saving in words or space, and are not recommended.
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Jun 10, 2021 · The terms ‘ibid.’, ‘op. cit.’, ‘loc. cit.’ and ‘id.’ are sometimes used in the documentary–note system and other styles of referencing. This is no longer common usage. These terms should be avoided unless they are required by a publisher. The term ‘ibid.’ refers users to the same publication that was cited immediately ...
