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      • He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religious tolerance, but it also involved struggles over the principles of absolutism and the divine right of kings.
      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England
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  2. James II was the fourth Stuart monarch in England, the second of his generation and the father of two more. Principal members of the House of Stuart following the 1603 Union of the Crowns Issue

  3. www.bbc.co.uk › history › historic_figuresBBC - History - James II

    Read a biography about King James II - a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III.

    • A Troubled Monarchy
    • The Monmouth Rebellion
    • Family & Catholicism
    • The Glorious Revolution
    • Developments in Science
    • Successors & Ireland

    The British monarchy had been formally abolished during the English Civil Wars (1642-1651) when James II's father Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) was charged with treason and making war against his own people, found guilty, and executed on 30 January 1649. During the troubled conflict, Charles I had sent his family to the safety of France. Char...

    James II's main competitor for the crown had been James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (b. 1649), the illegitimate son of Charles II. Monmouth attempted to take the throne by force in July 1685. To increase his claims of legitimacy, the Protestant Monmouth claimed that his father had actually married his mother Lucy Walter, and evidence of this could be f...

    James had married Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Earl of Clarendon on 3 September 1660, but she died of illness in March 1671. He married again on 30 September 1673, this time to Mary (d. 1718), the daughter of the Duke of Modena. With Anne, James had eight children, but only two survived into adulthood: Mary (b. 1662) and Anne (b. 1665), both of w...

    Many prominent Protestants felt the time for action was now or never. The dukes of Devonshire and Shrewsbury, the Bishop of London, and others got together and contacted Protestant Prince William of Orange via the Dutch ambassador in England, inviting him to become king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. William had close connections with Britain, ...

    James' reign had been short, but its events were monumental in terms of history. Never again would a British monarch enjoy the powers that James had. There was a second event in his reign, and one equally dramatic in its long-term effects, this time in the field of science and physics, in particular. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) recovered sufficien...

    William of Orange became William III of England (also William II of Scotland, r. 1689-1702) via a decree by Parliament on 13 February 1689. This was the first time in English history that Parliament had overseen the change of one monarch to another without bloodshed or simple hereditary convention. The event and its aftermath have been called the G...

    • Mark Cartwright
  4. Born in 1633 and named after his grandfather James I, James II grew up in exile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after his brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673. James converted to Catholicism in 1669.

  5. Mar 5, 2021 · The Catholic King James II, Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland, was overthrown in the ‘Glorious Revolution’ in 1688 by King William III…. The last Catholic monarch, King James II’s reign was very brief. Unable to overcome the continued source of religious tension and constitutional crisis in the country, his short three years ...

  6. Key Facts & Summary. James II Stuart was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the three British kingdoms. In Scotland, he is known as James VII.