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Names. In contrast to the variety of absolute or personal names of God in the Old Testament, the New Testament uses only two, according to the International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. [4][5] Of the two, Θεὀς ("God") is the more common, appearing in the text over a thousand times.
- Names
- Descriptive Titles
- Extant New Testament Manuscripts
- Nomina Sacra in The New Testament
- The Howard Hypothesis
- Howard’s Other Hypothesis
- Possible Rabbinical References
- Some Modern Adaptations of The New Testament
In contrast to the variety of absolute or personal names of God in the Old Testament, the New Testament uses only two, according to the International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Of the two, Θεὀς (“God“)is the more common, appearing in the text over a thousand times. In its true sense it expresses essential Deity, but by accommodation it is also u...
Robert Kysar reports that God is referred to as Father 64 times in the first three Gospels and 120 times in the fourth Gospel. Outside of the Gospels he is called the Father of mercies (2 Corinthians 1:3), the Father of glory (Ephesians 1:17), the Father of mercies (the Father of spirits (Hebrews 12:9), the Father of lights (James 1:17), and he is ...
Main article: New Testament manuscripts No extant manuscript of the New Testament, not even a mere fragment, contains the Tetragrammaton in any form. In their citations of Old Testament verses, they always have κς or θς where the Hebrew text has YHWH. There is a gap between the original writing down (the autograph) of each of the various documents ...
Nomina sacra, representations of religiously important words in a way that sets them off from the rest of the text, are a characteristic of manuscripts of the New Testament. “There are good reasons to think that these abbreviations were not concerned with saving space but functioned as a textual way to show Christian reverence and devotion to Chris...
The tetragrammaton (YHWH) is not found in any extant New Testament manuscript, all of which have the word Kyrios (Lord) or Theos (God) in Old Testament quotes where the Hebrew text has the tetragrammaton. George Howard published in 1977 a thesis that Robert F. Shedinger calls “somewhat speculative”, and whose “revolutionary theological ramification...
Shem Tob’s Hebrew Gospel of Matthew, found in a 14th-century Jewish polemical work, employs ה״ (apparently an abbreviation for הַשֵּׁם, Ha-Shem, meaning “The Name”). Referring to the term Ha-Shem (not YHWH) as “the Divine Name”, Howard says of this gospel: Didier Fontaine interprets Howard as saying that the term Ha-Shemappeared in the original N...
In rabbinic literature reference is sometimes, but rarely, made to גיליונים (gilyonim). The word is a disputed term and has been interpreted in various ways: most commonly as a reference to Christian gospels. The uncertainty of the meaning of the term is remarked on by James Carleton Paget: “The association of the term gilyonim with the Gospels has...
A few modern versions use the Tetragrammaton or equivalents like “Yahweh” or “Jehovah” to replace the words κύριος (Lord) and θεός (God) in the text of the New Testament as it appears in the manuscripts. Some long predate Howard’s 1977 hypothesis and so are not linked with it. 135 such adaptations have been listed. The oldest, dating from the 14th ...
In the New Testament God reveals his name to include the Son and the Spirit (Matt 28:20). But this one God is still the God of the patriarchs (Matt. 22:32). Finally, we should note what the Bible does not say about divine names. The Scriptures never teach Israel to use God’s name as an amulet or magical formula.
By George Howard. Many early copies of the New Testament abbreviate sacred words (nomina sacra). The earliest of these abbreviations stand for “God,” “Lord,” “Christ,” and “Jesus.” Abbreviations of these words were formed by writing their first and last letters and placing a line over them.
Names of God in the New Testament. The names used by NT authors to refer to God reflect the fact that the NT was written in a Greek-speaking culture primarily on the basis of a tradition and terminology inherited from the OT and Judaism as mediated by the Septuagint (LXX).
Primary name for God used in the New Testament. Its use teaches: (1) He is the only true God (Matt. 23:9; Rom. 3:30); (2) He is unique (1 Tim. 1:17; John 17:3; Rev. 15:4; 16:7); (3) He is transcendent (Acts 17:24; Heb. 3:4; Rev. 10:6); (4) He is the Savior (John 3:16; 1 Tim. 1:1; 2:3; 4:10).
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The most distinctive development in the use of divine names in the NT is the introduction of the name Father. While the idea of “God as Father” was foreshadowed in the OT, particularly in the relationship existing between Yahweh and Israel, and in the more intimate strains of the devotional lit.
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