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ATL is a type of T-cell lymphoma – a lymphoma that develops from white blood cells called T cells. There are four main types of ATL: lymphoma-type ATL, acute (leukaemic) ATL, chronic ATL and smouldering ATL. Low-grade types of ATL can sometimes change (transform) into faster-growing types.
- Overview
- What causes adult T-cell leukemia?
- Who’s at risk for adult T-cell leukemia?
- What are the types of adult T-cell leukemia?
- What are the symptoms of adult T-cell leukemia?
- How does a doctor diagnose adult T-cell leukemia?
- What is the treatment for adult T-cell leukemia?
- What is the outlook for people with adult T-cell leukemia?
- Takeaway
ATL is a rare cancer that results from long-term infection with the HTLV-1 virus. Most subtypes of this cancer are aggressive and have a poor outlook. But emerging treatments may offer new hope.
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a rare and aggressive cancer of the immune system. It’s also called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).
ATL occurs when a specific virus infects immune system cells called T cells. But it can be decades after infection before cancer develops.
Though the virus affects between 10 and 20 million people worldwide, fewer than 5% of people with an infection will develop ATL later in life.
ATL is difficult to treat and generally has a poor outlook. But new treatments in development have the potential to improve survival rates.
What are T cells?
ATL results from long-term infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T-lymphotropic virus-1. People can contract or transmit the virus through:
•breast milk
•sexual contact
•blood transfusions
•sharing contaminated needles
HTLV-1 is a type of retrovirus. It was the first human retrovirus scientists ever linked to cancer.
People with a longstanding HTLV-1 infection are at the highest risk of ATL. Since the virus stays dormant in the body for decades, people who develop an infection at a young age have a higher risk of having ATL later in life.
Still, only about 4% of people with HTLV-1 end up with a later diagnosis of ATL.
You may be at a higher risk of ATL if you live in one of the following areas where HTLV-1 is endemic (widespread):
•Japan
•the Caribbean
•sub-Saharan Africa
There are four subtypes of ATL:
•Acute: About 55% of ATL cases are acute. Acute ATL is the most aggressive form of ATL.
•Lymphoma: About 20% of ATL cases are lymphoma. This type also tends to grow aggressively.
•Chronic: This type accounts for another 20% of ATL cases. Doctors may categorize chronic ATL as either favorable or unfavorable, depending on how the disease affects the body.
Signs and symptoms of ATL will depend on the type. But in general, you might expect:
•fatigue
•skin rash or lesions
•swollen lymph nodes in the underarm, neck, or groin
•bone pain
•higher than typical white blood cell count
A doctor will likely ask about your symptoms and medical history. They may take a blood or bone marrow sample or a small piece of affected tissue, such as a swollen lymph node or a skin lesion. They’ll send the sample to a specialist to look for signs of ATL.
Treatment for ATL may depend on the subtype and your overall health.
For acute, lymphoma, and unfavorable chronic ATL, treatment may include:
•chemotherapy or a combination of several chemotherapy agents
•antiretroviral therapy
•stem cell transplant
A stem cell transplant could potentially cure ATL. But this procedure carries serious risks, such as infection, transplant rejection, and even death. Younger people often cope better with a stem cell transplant and have fewer complications than older people.
The outlook is poor for most subtypes of ATL. In a large retrospective study in Japan, median survival for each subtype was:
Median survival is the time from either diagnosis or the start of treatment that half of people are still alive.
ATL is a rare cancer due to long-term infection with HTLV-1. Though ATL has a poor outlook, new treatments are emerging that could improve survival rates. If you’ve recently received an ATL diagnosis, ask your doctor about participating in a clinical trial in your area.
- Jacquelyn Cafasso
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL) is a rare cancer of the immune system's T-cells [1][2][3] caused by human T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). [4] All ATL cells contain integrated HTLV-1 provirus further supporting that causal role of the virus in the cause of the neoplasm. [4]
What is ATL? Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a rare kind of blood cancer that occurs in people who have the Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It occurs in a kind of white blood cell called a T-lymphocyte which recognises and fights infection. ATL is very rare in the UK, with approximately 30 cases per year, although it
Atlanta (/ æ t ˈ l æ n t ə / ⓘ at-LAN-tə) [14] is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, and a portion of the city extends into neighboring DeKalb County.
Above-the-line (ATL) is a marketing approach when you use mass media channels to reach a massive and diverse audience. Think of ATL as a megaphone for businesses as it amplifies their message on a broad scale using television campaigns, radio ads, and print advertisements.
Above the line (ATL) marketing is used when mass media is deployed to give a boost to a brand and reach the maximum audience. On the other hand, Below the line (BTL) marketing is sort of one to one communication, wherein different techniques are used to reach a specific group of people.
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