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1. • Dissolved calcium sulfate

     • Permanent hardness Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulfate (CaSO 4), which does not decompose (break down) when heated. Therefore, unlike temporary hardness, permanent hardness is not removed by boiling the water.
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     Hard and soft water - Hard water - GCSE Chemistry (Single ...

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   What causes permanent hardness of water?

   • Ask your own question! Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of chlorides, sulphates of calcium and magnesium that cannot be removed by boiling. These salts do not precipitate out of water when heated, unlike temporary hardness which is caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that can be removed by boiling.

   What is permanent hardness of water? - Definition - CK-12 Foundation

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   What is water hardness?

   • In scientific terms, water hardness is generally the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water. But in layman's terms, you may notice water hardness when your hands still feel slimy after washing with soap and water, or when your drinking glasses at home become less than crystal clear.

   Hardness of Water | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov

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   Why is permanent hard water a temporary water?

   • For this reason, this type of hard water is "temporary" because boiling can remove the hardness by displacing the offending ions from solution. Permanent hard water consists of high concentrations of anions, like the sulfate anion (SO 42-).

   Hard Water - Chemistry LibreTexts

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   Why is water hard?

   • The hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Water which does not give lather with soap is hard water. Water is the most important compound that is needed for the survival of life on earth.

   Hardness of Water - Temporary and Permanent Hardness in Water - BYJ…

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   How does permanent hard water affect water quality?

   • The scale caused by permanent hard water has detrimental effects similar to those seen with temporary hard water, such as obstruction of water flow in pipes. Permanent hard water is also responsible for the bathtub "ring," or soap scum, seen after showering or bathing.

   Hard Water - Chemistry LibreTexts

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   How do you measure the hardness of water?

   • It is possible to measure the hardness of water, and distillation can be used to soften hard water. The water in some parts of the country is soft, while the water in other parts of the country is hard. This can happen, for example, when rainwater flows over rocks on its way to a reservoir. Temporary hardness is removed by boiling the water.

   Hard and soft water - Hard water - GCSE Chemistry (Single Science

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3. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guidesHard and soft water - Hard water - GCSE Chemistry (Single ...

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   Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulfate (CaSO 4), which does not decompose (break down) when heated. Therefore, unlike temporary hardness, permanent hardness is not...

   • Measuring Hardness

     Hard water Measuring hardness. The properties of hard water...

4. www.savemyexams.com › gcse › chemistryDetermining Hardness in Water | WJEC GCSE Chemistry Revision ...

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   Feb 27, 2024 · Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water does not form a lather with soap as easily as soft water does due to the calcium and magnesium ions reacting with the soap to form scum. More soap is therefore needed to form a lather. Hard water can have temporary or permanent hardness.

5. Videos

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     Determination of hardness of Water

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     TO DETERMINE THE TEMPORARY, PERMANENT & TOTAL HARDNESS OF WATER USING EDTA AS STANDARD SOLUTION

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     Hardness of Water - Types, Remove Temporary and Permanent Hardness

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6. chem.libretexts.org › Hard_WaterHard Water - Chemistry LibreTexts

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   Jun 30, 2023 · Permanent hard water consists of high concentrations of anions, like the sulfate anion (SO 42-). This type of hard water is referred to as "permanent" because, unlike temporary hard water, the hardness cannot be removed simply by boiling the water and thereby precipitating out the mineral ions.

7. www.usgs.gov › science › hardness-waterHardness of Water | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov

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   Jun 11, 2018 · In scientific terms, water hardness is generally the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water. But in layman's terms, you may notice water hardness when your hands still feel slimy after washing with soap and water, or when your drinking glasses at home become less than crystal clear.

8. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guidesMeasuring hardness - Hard water - GCSE Chemistry (Single ...

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   Hard water Measuring hardness. The properties of hard water have advantages and disadvantages. It is possible to measure the hardness of water, and distillation can be used to soften hard...

9. www.ck12.org › what-is-permanent-hardness-of-waterWhat is permanent hardness of water? - Definition | CK-12 ...

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   Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of chlorides, sulphates of calcium and magnesium that cannot be removed by boiling.

10. byjus.com › jee › hardness-of-water-types-and-removalHardness of Water - Temporary and Permanent Hardness in Water

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    Permanent Hardness of Water. When the soluble salts of magnesium and calcium are present in the form of chlorides and sulphides in water, we call it permanent hardness because this hardness cannot be removed by boiling. We can remove this hardness by treating the water with washing soda.