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   What is water hardness?

   • In scientific terms, water hardness is generally the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water. But in layman's terms, you may notice water hardness when your hands still feel slimy after washing with soap and water, or when your drinking glasses at home become less than crystal clear.

   Hardness of Water | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov

   www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/hardness-water

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   What causes hardness in water?

   • If this occurs, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate / calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulfate / magnesium chloride in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing the permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion-exchange column.

   Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

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   Why is water hard if dissolved?

   • Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). When dissolved, these types of minerals yield calcium and magnesium cations (Ca 2+, Mg 2+) and carbonate and bicarbonate anions (CO2− 3). The presence of the metal cations makes the water hard.

   Hard water - Wikipedia

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   What determines the permanent hardness of water?

   • The permanent hardness of water is determined by the water's concentration of cations with charges greater than or equal to 2+. Usually, the cations have a charge of 2+, i.e., they are divalent. Common cations found in hard water include Ca 2+ and Mg 2+, which frequently enter water supplies by leaching from minerals within aquifers.

   Hard water - Wikipedia

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   How does permanent hard water affect water quality?

   • The scale caused by permanent hard water has detrimental effects similar to those seen with temporary hard water, such as obstruction of water flow in pipes. Permanent hard water is also responsible for the bathtub "ring," or soap scum, seen after showering or bathing.

   Hard Water - Chemistry LibreTexts

   chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Hard_Water

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   Why is permanent hard water a temporary water?

   • For this reason, this type of hard water is "temporary" because boiling can remove the hardness by displacing the offending ions from solution. Permanent hard water consists of high concentrations of anions, like the sulfate anion (SO 42-).

   Hard Water - Chemistry LibreTexts

   chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Hard_Water

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2. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guidesHard and soft water - Hard water - GCSE Chemistry (Single ...

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guides

   Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulfate (CaSO 4), which does not decompose (break down) when heated. Therefore, unlike temporary hardness, permanent hardness is not...

3. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Hard_waterHard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Hard_water

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   Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, [1] which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates. Drinking hard water may have moderate health benefits.

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5. dwi.gov.uk › water-hardness-hard-waterWater Hardness / Hard Water - Drinking Water Inspectorate

   dwi.gov.uk › water-hardness-hard-water

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   What is water hardness? Water hardness is caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium. Depending on local geology the hardness of the water supply will vary. The hardness of water,...

6. www.usgs.gov › science › hardness-waterHardness of Water | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov

   www.usgs.gov › science › hardness-water

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   Jun 11, 2018 · Hardness is a property of water that is not a health concern, but it can be a nuisance. Hard water can cause mineral buildup in plumbing, fixtures, and water heaters, and poor performance of soaps and detergents.

7. www.britannica.com › science › hard-waterHard water | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica

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   Oct 19, 2024 · hard water, water that contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Ferrous iron may also be present; oxidized to the ferric form, it appears as a reddish brown stain on washed fabrics and enameled surfaces.

   • Author: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

8. www.energy.gov › energysaver › understanding-andUnderstanding and Dealing With Hard Water - Department of Energy

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   Water hardness or softness is measured using grains per gallon (gpg), where one grain is equal to 0.002 ounces of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 gallon of water. 0–3 gpg is considered soft water. 3.5–7 gpg is considered moderate and ideal.

9. chem.libretexts.org › Hard_WaterHard Water - Chemistry LibreTexts

   chem.libretexts.org › Hard_Water

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   Jun 30, 2023 · Hard water is water containing high amounts of mineral ions. The most common ions found in hard water are the metal cations calcium (Ca 2 + ) and magnesium (Mg 2 + ), though iron, aluminum, and manganese may also be found in certain areas.