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In chemistry, cyanide (from Greek kyanos ' dark blue ') is a chemical compound that contains a C≡N functional group. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. [ 1 ] In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion −C≡N.
Oct 5, 2024 · These microorganisms use cyanide as a source of nitrogen 131, thus breaking it down through one or more enzymatic pathways 83,131,132 (Fig. 9b). Bacterial strains from the genera Pseudomonas, ...
First isolated in 1782, cyanide is a compound composed of carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom (C≡N). Cyanide is a naturally occurring chemical can be produced by certain types of bacteria, fungi, and algae and found in several types of plants, seeds, and fruit stones, including bamboo, cassava, bitter almonds, apples, and peaches.
Aug 22, 2024 · cyanide, any compound containing the monovalent combining group CN. In inorganic cyanides, such as sodium cyanide (NaCN), this group is present as the negatively charged cyanide ion; these compounds, which are regarded as salts of hydrocyanic acid, are highly toxic. Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles; in these, the CN group is linked ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Introduction
- Reagents with Tightly Bound Cn
- Group of Non-Toxic Sources: Formation of The CN-bond
- Conflicts of Interest
For chemical companies, the handling of the highly toxic hydrogen cyanide requires closed reactors and substantial safety regulations but is still favored due to cost minimization. For smaller enterprises or research labs, free HCN is often not an option and commercial cyanide sources like metal cyanides, ketone cyanohydrins or trimethylsilyl cyani...
Ferro-/ferricyanide
Besides the nucleophilic aromatic cyanation, ferro- and ferricyanide can also be used to convert other aromatic compounds to their corresponding nitriles. In 2010, the Kwong group reported the conversion of mesylates under palladium catalysis with suitable ligands (Scheme 2).93 Recently, Qin and coworkers were able to cyanate phenols by converting the OH-group to a better leaving group with sulfuryl fluoride.94 This reaction might enable an alternative way to use fossil- or biomass-based phen...
Cyanates
Since aryl cyanates are usually synthesized from phenols and cyanogen bromide (which is substantially more expensive and more toxic than free cyanide),131 this compound class was not widely applied. Notably, Fu-Xue Chen used 4-acetylphenyl cyanate in 2017 for an asymmetric cyanation of 1,3-dicarbonyls132 and amides.133
CN-containing iodine(III) compounds
The more reactive aryl(cyano)iodonium triflates developed by Zhdankin and Stang152,153 have been further studied by Jianbo Wang (2014),154 L. Shi (2015)155 and Studer (2016)156Unfortunately, they are not yet classified in terms of toxicity and are therefore not discussed in further detail here.
Formamides
For DMF, a second reaction pathway is also possible. Here, the methyl group functions as the carbon source for the cyanide generation. The nitrogen can either originate from the DMF itself or from an external source. The former pathway has been reported in 2011 by Jiao and coworkers.199 In a complex catalysis using iron(II), palladium(II), and copper(II), they were able to achieve the electrophilic cyanation of indoles or benzofurans. By isotope labeling, they could prove the origin of the ca...
I. C. M. Code, Use in mining, https://www.cyanidecode.org/cyanide-facts/use-mining, (accessed 01.05.2018).T. Willke, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2014, 98, 9893–9914 CrossRef CAS.J. R. Hart, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000 Search PubMed.C. Gousetis and H.-J. Opgenorth, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2011 Search PubMed.- Alexander Matthias Nauth, Till Opatz
- 2019
Jan 30, 2024 · Cyanide poisoning is a medical emergency, and immediate treatment is essential. ... Some types of bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants also synthesize cyanide as a source of nitrogen and as a self ...
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Cyanides, a diverse family of compounds containing the highly reactive cyanide anion (CN−), are produced from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The cyanide compounds most commonly found in the environment include sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, and gaseous hydrogen cyanide, the latter being the main form present in air. The use of the term ‘cyanide’ in this section refers to the ...
