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     • Wind is a major force in propelling water across the globe in surface currents. When air moves across the ocean’s surface, it pulls the top layers of water with it through friction, the force of resistance between two touching materials moving over one another.
     ocean.si.edu/planet-ocean/tides-currents/currents-waves-and-tides

     Currents, Waves, and Tides | Smithsonian Ocean

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   How does wind affect water?

   • As wind blows over the surface layer of water, friction between the two pulls the water forward. As we know, when water (and other objects) moves across Earth’s surface it bends due to the Coriolis Effect. The top most layer of water will bend away from the direction of the wind at about 45 degrees.

   Currents, Waves, and Tides | Smithsonian Ocean

   ocean.si.edu/planet-ocean/tides-currents/currents-waves-and-tides

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   How does wind affect ocean circulation?

   • The wind blowing over the sea surface transfers momentum to the water. This frictional force at the sea surface (i.e., the wind stress) produces the wind-driven circulation. Currents moving along the ocean floor and the sides of the ocean also are subject to the influence of boundary-layer friction.

   Ocean current - Temperature, Wind, Salinity | Britannica

   www.britannica.com/science/ocean-current/Causes-of-ocean-currents

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   How does wind affect a lake?

   • Real-time data for this lake are available here. Credit: Marco Pilotti When wind blows across a lake’s surface, it pushes the water downwind, inducing periodic currents below the surface (called “internal waves”), which are characterized by vertical movements on the order of 5–10 meters every day.

   How Does Wind Push Water? - Eos

   eos.org/research-spotlights/how-does-wind-push-water

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   How do wind and waves affect surface current?

   • Before one can understand any type of surface current, one must understand how wind and waves operate. Wave height is affected by wind speed, wind duration (or how long the wind blows), and fetch, which is the distance over water that the wind blows in a single direction.

   Waves - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

   oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/03coastal1.html

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   How does wind stress affect the surface of the oceans?

   • The wind provides one of the main forces that move the surface of the oceans. When the wind moves across water, surface friction transfers energy from the wind to the water through wind stress. Wind stress has the Greek symbol τ (tau) and is proportional to the square of the wind speed, W: where c is the constant of proportionality.

   4.2 The effect of the wind on the oceans - OpenLearn

   www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/the-oceans/content-section-4.2

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   How does wind speed affect sea surface area?

   • As energy is transferred from the wind to the ocean, the surface becomes rougher and 'stretched', so more of the surface is in contact with the wind (Figure 16b). The increased surface area leads to more energy being transferred to the ocean and larger surface waves. Figure 16 A typical sea surface when the wind speed is (a) low and (b) higher.

   4.2 The effect of the wind on the oceans - OpenLearn

   www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/the-oceans/content-section-4.2

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3. eos.org › research-spotlights › how-does-wind-push-waterHow Does Wind Push Water? - Eos

   eos.org › research-spotlights › how-does-wind-push-water

   Jun 22, 2017 · When wind blows across a lake’s surface, it pushes the water downwind, inducing periodic currents below the surface (called “internal waves”), which are characterized by vertical movements on the...

   • Author: Emily Underwood

   • Publish Year: 2017

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5. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articlesCoastal processes and landforms - BBC Bitesize

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articles

   Wind causes waves to be produced in the water. These can cause erosion of the coast.

6. www.open.edu › openlearn › science-maths-technology4.2 The effect of the wind on the oceans - OpenLearn

   www.open.edu › openlearn › science-maths-technology

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   What effect will a rise in wind speed have on the thickness of the layer of well-mixed water? It will increase because the surface waters will be mixed to a greater depth as more energy is supplied. When the wind blows across the oceans, the surface waters are mixed and they start to move.

7. Videos

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     28 Oct 2013

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     Weather 101: What Causes Wind?

     19 Mar 2020

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     Wind and Water Erosion

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8. www.britannica.com › video › relationship-strengthHow the wind creates waves explained | Britannica

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   We know that wind creates waves because on a day when the wind is not blowing the water surface is often smooth. But on a windy day there are always waves. The wind that pushes this sailboat also pushes the surface of the water and makes small waves.

   • Video Duration: 3 min

9. oceanservice.noaa.gov › education › tutorialWaves - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

   oceanservice.noaa.gov › education › tutorial

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   Wave height is affected by wind speed, wind duration (or how long the wind blows), and fetch, which is the distance over water that the wind blows in a single direction. If wind speed is slow, only small waves result, regardless of wind duration or fetch.

10. www.britannica.com › science › ocean-currentOcean current - Temperature, Wind, Salinity | Britannica

    www.britannica.com › science › ocean-current

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    The wind blowing over the sea surface transfers momentum to the water. This frictional force at the sea surface (i.e., the wind stress) produces the wind-driven circulation. Currents moving along the ocean floor and the sides of the ocean also are subject to the influence of boundary-layer friction. The motionless ocean floor removes momentum ...