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1. link.springer.com › article › 10Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning - Springer

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   Dec 18, 2003 · Under positive contingency, animals learn excitatory associations, and humans judge the response as the cause of the effect (Shanks & Dickinson, 1987; Wasserman, 1990; Young, 1995). Typically, the strength of the learned association increases with increasing positive contingency.

   • Author: Birgit Elsner, Bernhard Hommel

   • Publish Year: 2004

2. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesThe Role of Contingency and Contiguity in Young and Older ...

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   Mar 18, 2009 · In a generative or positive contingency, P (O/R) is greater than P (O/∼R), so the outcome is more likely to occur when the key is pressed, whereas in a preventative or negative contingency, P (O/∼R) is greater than P (O/R), so the outcome is more likely to occur when the key is not pressed.

   • Author: Sharon A. Mutter, Marci S. DeCaro, Marci S. DeCaro, Leslie F. Plumlee
   • DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbp004

   • Publish Year: 2009
   • Published: 2009/05

3. link.springer.com › referenceworkentry › 10Classical Conditioning - SpringerLink

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   Jan 1, 2022 · Excitatory conditioning refers to when the CS is a good predictor of the US as in positive contingency. Conditioned inhibition, on the other hand, refers to when the CS is a predictor of the absence of the US, as in negative contingency.

4. online.ucpress.edu › collabra › articleConditioning is More Than Association Formation: On the ...

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   Jan 8, 2020 · Cognitively-oriented clinical psychologists sometimes think of conditioning as the formation of associations in memory. From this perspective, conditioning research is important because it reveals the conditions under which potentially pathogenic associations are formed and can be changed.

   • Author: Jan De Houwer

   • Publish Year: 2020

5. link.springer.com › referenceworkentry › 10Contingency - SpringerLink

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   Jan 1, 2022 · Moreover, the nature of the association will depend on the sign of the contingency: excitatory associations will form between stimuli for which the contingency is positive while inhibitory associations are anticipated if the contingency between the two is negative.

6. cpsyjournal.org › articles › 10Explaining the Return of Fear with Revised Rescorla-Wagner ...

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   Jan 18, 2022 · Conditioning research has identified three mechanisms for the return of fear, viz. change in physical context (renewal), the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), and an encounter with the fear-producing unconditioned stimulus (reinstatement).

7. People also ask

   How does positive contingency affect excitatory associations?

   • Under positive contingency, animals learn excitatory associations, and humans judge the response as the cause of the effect (Shanks & Dickinson, 1987; Wasserman, 1990; Young, 1995). Typically, the strength of the learned association increases with increasing positive contingency.

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

   link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-003-0151-8

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   Does a learned association increase with a positive contingency?

   • Typically, the strength of the learned association increases with increasing positive contingency. Under non-contingency, i.e., when Delta- p equals zero, the effect appears equally often in the presence and in the absence of a response, and thus, action and effect are independent of each other.

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

   link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-003-0151-8

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   Does a positive contingency facilitate a relationship between action and effect?

   • Taken together, studies on instrumental learning in humans and other animals imply that a positive contingency facilitates the detection of a relationship between action and effect.

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

   link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-003-0151-8

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   What is the difference between excitatory and conditioned inhibition?

   • Excitatory conditioning refers to when the CS is a good predictor of the US as in positive contingency. Conditioned inhibition, on the other hand, refers to when the CS is a predictor of the absence of the US, as in negative contingency. A key feature of conditioned inhibition is that it occurs when there is a previous expectancy of the US.

   Classical Conditioning - SpringerLink

   link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1214

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   What is the difference between positive and negative contingency?

   • In positive contingency, the US is more likely to occur when the CS is presented than when it is not; in negative contingency, the US is less likely to occur when the CS is presented than when it is not; and in zero contingency, the probability of the US is the equivalent in the presence of the CS and in its absence.

   Classical Conditioning - SpringerLink

   link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1214

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   What are the associative structures for higher-order (excitatory) conditioning?

   • Schematic associative structures for higher-order (excitatory) conditioning. The left structure shows the unconditioned links from the CSs (A and X) and the US to response-generating units (r1-r6) before conditioning.

   Higher-Order Conditioning: What Is Learnt and How it Is Expressed

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8462663/

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8. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesHigher-Order Conditioning: What Is Learnt and How it Is ...

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   Sep 9, 2021 · Abstract. Pairing a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with a motivationally significant unconditioned stimulus (US) results in the CS coming to elicit conditioned responses (CRs).