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Apex Legends is free* to play now, and to win in the Apex Games you’ll need to stay sharp, use your wits, and keep your friends close. But victory also favors the prepared, and a few helpful tips in your pocket can be the difference between defeat and sweet, sweet triumph.
- Anatomy
- Working Length
- Methods to Determine WL
- Limitations of Working Length Radiographs
- Electronic Apex Locators
- Brief History
- Advantages of Apex Locators
- Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices
- Conclusion
- References
The narrowest part of the canal is the apical constriction or minor foramen. From this point the canal gradually widens to terminate at the apical foramen or major foramen (Figure 1). The cemento-dentinal junction (CDJ) is the histological landmark where the pulp ends and the periodontal ligament starts. It is expected to lie at the apical constric...
The working length (WL) is the length from a coronal reference point to the apical limit of the preparation. The optimal end point for root canal preparation and obturation is to the apical constriction. This in theory would create the smallest wound.
Radiographs:the apical constriction is estimated at 0.5 to 1mm short of the radiographic apex by anatomical studies. However, the location and form of the apical constriction are variable. Therefor...Tactile sensation:we can sometimes detect the apical constriction using hand files. However, there has been shown to be substantial variation when using this method by even experienced clinicians....Paper point technique:bleeding or exudate on the tip of a paper point can determine working length but this method is often unreliableElectronic apex locator (EAL).The apical foramen is not always located at root terminus (Figures 1 and 2). There can be up to 3mm variation in 50-98% of roots. It is generally greater in posterior teethThe distance between with apical constriction and root terminus increases with age due to secondary cementum deposition at the root apex (Figure 1)Dummer et al (1984) classified the apical constriction into four types (Figure 3). Estimating the working length using radiographs could lead to under-preparation of type B and over-preparation of...Radiographs have several limitations that can cause difficulties and errors in WL determinationEssentially, electronic apex locators work by using the body to complete an electrical circuit. One side of the apex locator is connected to the oral mucosa (via a lip clip) and the other side to the file. The circuit is completed (zero reading reached) when the file contacts the periodontal tissue at the CDJ (Figure 1).
Sunada (1962) found the electrical resistance between the mucous membrane and periodontium had a constant value (6.5kW). The first generation (resistance based) apex locators use this value to determine the location of the apical constriction. Unfortunately, they were unreliable and would short-circuit when the file contacted pulp tissue, exudate, ...
Apex locators have several advantages over other methods; they are easy to use, faster and can be used repeatedly without exposure to radiation. I rarely need to take a WL radiograph, and usually move straight to the master cone radiograph. Verification of the length using at least one radiograph is essential prior to obturation. When the position ...
Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) or cardiac pacemakers are small lithium battery-powered devices. They are surgically implanted beneath the skin, usually near the left clavicle, and have leads which run through the veins to the heart. They monitor heart rate continuously to detect arrhythmias and poor cardiac function. An impuls...
Apex locators are easy to use, speed up treatment time and can also be used repeatedly without exposure to radiation. They make root canal treatment more predictable and are an important part of the endodontic armamentarium.
Al Rahabi MK and Ghabbani HM (2019) Influence and safety of electronic apex locators in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: a systematic review. Libyan J Med Ali R, Okechukwu NC, Brunton P and Nattress B (2013) An overview of electronic apex locators: part 2. Br Dent J 214(5): 227-31 Dummer PM, McGinn JH and Rees DG (1984) ...
Apex Legends takes place an in immersive universe where the story continues to evolve, maps change, and new Legends keep joining the fight. Make your mark on the Apex Games with a multitude of distinctive outfits and join the adventure!
Apex Legends is a 2019 battle royale - hero shooter video game developed by Respawn Entertainment and published by Electronic Arts, set in the same science fiction universe as Respawn's Titanfall series.
Apex Legends refreshes a lot of what you know from battle royale games, so give our beginner's guide a look before you start playing.Subscribe to our YouTube...
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Learn how to compete in Apex Legends Ranked, how matchmaking works, and how to earn Ranked Points (RP).
Apex Legends is a battle royale set in the Titanfall universe and is developed by Respawn. On this page you'll learn the basics of a battle royale along with brief descriptions of some of the...
