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     cell.com

     • The chromosomes attach to the microtubules via kinetochores, which are multiprotein complexes that assemble on the centromere of each sister chromatid. Three pathways drive the nucleation of microtubules to form a common mitotic spindle: the centrosome-, chromatin- and microtubule-mediated microtubule nucleation pathways.
     www.nature.com/articles/nrm.2016.162

     Mitotic spindle assembly in animal cells: a fine balancing act

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   What is the function of the mitotic spindle in cell division?

   • Essential to the process of cell division is the mitotic spindle, which partitions a complete set of chromosomes to each daughter cell. The spindle consists of microtubules, polar dynamic fibers that polymerize from tubulin subunits, as well as hundreds of other proteins that function together to orchestrate chromosome segregation.

   Mechanisms and Molecules of the Mitotic Spindle - Cell Press

   www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(04)00697-9

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   What is a mitotic spindle?

   • The mitotic spindle is a microtubule-based assembly that separates the chromosomes during cell division.

   Mechanobiology of the Mitotic Spindle - Cell Press

   www.cell.com/developmental-cell/fulltext/S1534-5807(20)30878-9

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   How does a mitotic spindle assemble in the cytoplasm?

   • Note that the (more...) The mitotic spindle begins to self-assemble in the cytoplasm during prophase. In animal cells, each of the replicated centrosomes nucleates its own array of microtubules, and the two sets of microtubules interact to form the mitotic spindle.

   Mitosis - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI Bookshelf

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26934/

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   Do all mitotic spindles have bipolar chromosomes?

   • Although spindle assembly varies between different organisms, all mitotic spindles must be bipolar and the chromosomes bi-oriented to ensure the faithful segregation of a complete set of chromosomes to each daughter cell. PowerPoint slide The centrosome is the major site of microtubule nucleation in most animal cells.

   Mitotic spindle assembly in animal cells: a fine balancing act

   www.nature.com/articles/nrm.2016.162

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   How do mitotic spindle microtubules work?

   • The assembly and dynamics of the mitotic spindle rely on the shifting balance between opposing plus-end-directed and minus-end-directed motor proteins. Three classes of spindle microtubules can be distinguished in mitotic animal cells (Figure 18-10).

   Mitosis - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI Bookshelf

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26934/

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   How many microtubules are in a fully formed mitotic spindle?

   • The three classes of microtubules of the fully formed mitotic spindle in an animal cell. (A) In reality, the chromosomes are proportionally much larger than shown in this drawing, and multiple microtubules are attached to each kinetochore. Note that the (more...) The mitotic spindle begins to self-assemble in the cytoplasm during prophase.

   Mitosis - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI Bookshelf

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26934/

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3. www.nature.com › articles › nrmMitotic spindle assembly in animal cells: a fine balancing act

   www.nature.com › articles › nrm

   Feb 8, 2017 · The mitotic spindle has a crucial role in ensuring the accurate segregation of chromosomes into the two daughter cells during cell division, which is paramount for maintaining genome...

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4. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC5016079Mechanisms of Mitotic Spindle Assembly - PMC

   pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC5016079

   Abstract. Life depends on cell proliferation and the accurate segregation of chromosomes, which are mediated by the microtubule (MT)-based mitotic spindle and ~200 essential MT-associated proteins. Yet, a mechanistic understanding of how the mitotic spindle is assembled and achieves chromosome segregation is still missing.

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6. www.cell.com › developmental-cell › fulltextMechanobiology of the Mitotic Spindle - Cell Press

   www.cell.com › developmental-cell › fulltext

   Jan 25, 2021 · The mitotic spindle is a microtubule-based assembly that separates the chromosomes during cell division. As the spindle is basically a mechanical micro machine, the understanding of its functioning is constantly motivating the development of experimental approaches based on mechanical perturbations, which are complementary to and work together ...

   • Author: Nenad Pavin, Iva M. Tolić

   • Publish Year: 2021

7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › books › NBK26934Mitosis - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI Bookshelf

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › books › NBK26934

   The mitotic spindle begins to self-assemble in the cytoplasm during prophase. In animal cells, each of the replicated centrosomes nucleates its own array of microtubules, and the two sets of microtubules interact to form the mitotic spindle.

   • Published: 2002

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     MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, AND THE CELL CYCLE

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     Mitotic Spindle | Definition, Formation & Function

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     5-4 A detailed look at the Mitotic Cell Cycle (Cambridge AS A Level Biology, 9700)

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9. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesMitotic Spindle Form and Function - PMC - National Center for ...

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   Mar 15, 2011 · A consequence of cell division by budding necessitates a mechanism that orients the mitotic spindle relative to the mother cell and daughter bud. The bud site is selected well before bipolar spindle formation, and astral microtubules emanating from the SPB (old pole) provide the conduit to translate spatial information from the bud into a ...

   • Author: Mark Winey, Kerry S Bloom
   • DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.128710

   • Publish Year: 2012
   • Publication: Genetics. 2012 Apr; 190(4): 1197-1224.

10. www.cell.com › current-biology › fulltextMechanisms and Molecules of the Mitotic Spindle - Cell Press

    www.cell.com › current-biology › fulltext

    Sep 21, 2004 · Essential to the process of cell division is the mitotic spindle, which partitions a complete set of chromosomes to each daughter cell. The spindle consists of microtubules, polar dynamic fibers that polymerize from tubulin subunits, as well as hundreds of other proteins that function together to orchestrate chromosome segregation.

11. www.molbiolcell.org › doi › 10Mitotic spindle: lessons from theoretical modeling ...

    www.molbiolcell.org › doi › 10

    Jan 28, 2021 · The mitotic spindle is a marvelous microtubule-based micromachine that segregates the genome from one cell into two equal parts destined to the future daughter cells (McIntosh, 2016). Spindle microtubules can be divided into three main classes according to their localization and function: kinetochore microtubules that bind the kinetochore, a ...