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How does a cell turn a DNA code into a protein?
How do cells express their genes?
How does DNA make proteins?
How are proteins made in a cell?
How does a cell express a protein?
Which RNA copy is used to direct synthesis of protein?
How does the cell convert DNA into working proteins? The process of translation can be seen as the decoding of instructions for making proteins, involving mRNA in transcription as well as tRNA.
- Genetic Mutation
The DNA in any cell can be altered through environmental...
- Watson and Crick
Chargaff's realization that A = T and C = G, combined with...
- Genetic Mutation
DNA’s genetic information is copied into small, portable messages, called RNA. RNA leaves the nucleus and delivers these messages to the ribosomes – the cell’s protein factories. During translation, the ribosomes translate the messages carried in the RNA code into a final product – usually a protein.
Cells express their genes by converting the genetic message into protein. This process of protein synthesis occurs in two stages - transcription and translation.
Starting in the nucleus, we see how the DNA code is converted to messenger RNA by the process of transcription. We then follow the messenger RNA into the cytoplasm where it is bound by protein factories, called ribosomes. The ribosomes read the messenger RNA to produce a chain of amino acids.
The mechanism by which cells turn the DNA code into a protein product is a two-step process, with an RNA molecule as the intermediate. Figure 3.4.1 – The Genetic Code: DNA holds all of the genetic information necessary to build a cell’s proteins.
- Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Mat...
- 2019
The Central Dogma: DNA Encodes RNA, RNA Encodes Protein. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein. It states that genes specify the sequence of mRNA molecules, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins.
When the cell needs a particular protein, the nucleotide sequence of the appropriate portion of the immensely long DNA molecule in a chromosome is first copied into RNA (a process called transcription).
