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1. • Not dependent

     • For instance, Schmidt et al. (2007) compared participants at varying levels of contingency awareness and found that the size of the contingency effect was not dependent on the amount of contingency awareness.
     www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053810012002085

     Learning, awareness, and instruction: Subjective contingency ...

2. People also ask

   Does awareness affect the size of a contingency effect?

   • If contingency learning is implicit, then this would imply that level of awareness (i.e., aware > unaware > chance) should not affect the size of the contingency effect. However, it may be the case that chance participants may not have detected contingencies at all. In that case, no effect would be observed for this group.

   Contingency learning without awareness: Evidence for

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   How does contingency affect action-effect learning?

   • If contingency has an impact on action-effect learning, the acquisition-consistency effect in the test phase should be more pronounced the higher the Delta- p in the learning phase, i.e., the more the probability of an effect given the action p (E|R) exceeds the probability of the effect given the absence of the action p (E|−R).

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

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   Does a positive contingency facilitate a relationship between action and effect?

   • Taken together, studies on instrumental learning in humans and other animals imply that a positive contingency facilitates the detection of a relationship between action and effect.

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

   link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-003-0151-8

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   Do contingency-unaware participants learn quickly?

   • A block analysis of contingency-unaware participants revealed that contingencies were learned rapidly in the first block of trials. Experiment 3 showed that the contingency effect does not depend on the level of awareness, thus ruling out explicit strategy accounts.

   Contingency learning without awareness: Evidence for

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   Does a learned association increase with a positive contingency?

   • Typically, the strength of the learned association increases with increasing positive contingency. Under non-contingency, i.e., when Delta- p equals zero, the effect appears equally often in the presence and in the absence of a response, and thus, action and effect are independent of each other.

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

   link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-003-0151-8

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   Why should learning depend on temporal contiguity and probabilistic contingency?

   • If so, learning should depend on the temporal contiguity and the probabilistic contingency of action and effect, because these factors determine the activation overlap of the codes. Moreover, the model claims that the emerging associations are bi-directional, so that being exposed to an acquired action effect will prime the associated action.

   Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning

   link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-003-0151-8

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3. www.sciencedirect.com › science › articleLearning, awareness, and instruction: Subjective contingency ...

   www.sciencedirect.com › science › article

   Dec 1, 2012 · The fact that subjective awareness was higher in the instructed group than in the control group of Experiment 1 thus suggests that contingency instructions led to an increase in conscious acceptance of the presence of contingencies which led to an increase in the size of the contingency effect.

   • Author: James R. Schmidt, Jan De Houwer

   • Publish Year: 2012

4. link.springer.com › article › 10Contingency proportion systematically influences contingency ...

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   Oct 3, 2017 · The size of the contingency learning effect was positively related to high-contingency proportion, with the effect disappearing when high contingency was reduced to 40%.

   • Author: Noah D. Forrin, Colin M. MacLeod

   • Publish Year: 2018

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6. www.sciencedirect.com › science › articleLearning, awareness, and instruction: Subjective contingency ...

   www.sciencedirect.com › science › article

   Dec 1, 2012 · Three experiments investigate the role of instructions and awareness on contingency learning. Instructed participants showed a larger learning effect that was mediated by subjective awareness. Contingency instructions with no actual contingencies did not produce an instructed contingency effect. False contingency instructions impaired ...

   • Author: James R. Schmidt, Jan De Houwer

   • Publish Year: 2012

7. www.sciencedirect.com › science › articleContingency learning without awareness: Evidence for implicit ...

   www.sciencedirect.com › science › article

   Jun 1, 2007 · If contingency learning is implicit, then this would imply that level of awareness (i.e., aware > unaware > chance) should not affect the size of the contingency effect. However, it may be the case that chance participants may not have detected contingencies at all.

   • Author: James R. Schmidt, Matthew J.C. Crump, Jim Cheesman, Derek Besner

   • Publish Year: 2007

8. link.springer.com › article › 10Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning - Springer

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   Dec 18, 2003 · If action-effect learning has an associative basis, it should be influenced by factors that are known to affect instrumental learning, such as the temporal contiguity and the probabilistic contingency of movement and effect.

   • Author: Birgit Elsner, Bernhard Hommel

   • Publish Year: 2004

9. link.springer.com › article › 10The role of contingency awareness, involvement, and need for ...

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   Experiment 2 suggests that contingency awareness mediates the relationship between inferential belief formation and attitudes and that this effect is stronger under high involvement and high need for cognition.

10. journals.sagepub.com › doi › fullI Think, Therefore Eyeblink: The Importance of Contingency ...

    journals.sagepub.com › doi › full

    Feb 23, 2016 · However, if awareness is causal, then instructions that draw attention toward or away from the CS-US relationship (as opposed to the CS and US themselves) should modulate conditioned responding, and this effect should be mediated by contingency awareness.