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    • The cosmological argument. The cosmological argument is fairly straightforward. A modern version of it reads: Whatever begins to exist must have a cause for its existence.
    • The problem of evil. The problem of evil is the most famous argument against the existence of an all-powerful and loving god. It’s also old. For example, it provides the central theme of the Book of Job in the Abrahamic traditions.
    • The teleological argument. Also known as “the argument from design,” the teleological argument claims the world’s complexity proves a designer exists. The argument is, again, rather straightforward
    • Russell’s teapot. One of the more whimsical arguments against the existence of any gods was put forward by Bertrand Russell. And like any member of the British aristocracy in good standing, the third Earl Russell invoked tea in his argument.
  2. In the philosophy of religion, atheism is standardly defined as the metaphysical claim that God does not exist. In 1972, Antony Flew proposed defining atheism as the psychological state of lacking any belief in God.

  3. Oct 11, 2024 · existence of God, in religion, the proposition that there is a supreme supernatural or preternatural being that is the creator or sustainer or ruler of the universe and all things in it, including human beings.

    • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    • Laws of Math
    • Math and Other Worlds
    • The Mystery of Human Consciousness
    • Evolution and Faith
    • Miraculous Ideas at The Same time?
    • Different Forms of Worship

    In 1960 the Princeton physicist – and subsequent Nobel Prize winner – Eugene Wigner raised a fundamental question: Why did the natural world always – so far as we know – obey laws of mathematics? As argued by scholars such as Philip Davis and Reuben Hersh, mathematics existsindependent of physical reality. It is the job of mathematicians to discove...

    In 2004 the great British physicist Roger Penrose put forward a vision of a universe composed of three independently existing worlds– mathematics, the material world and human consciousness. As Penrose acknowledged, it was a complete puzzle to him how the three interacted with one another outside the ability of any scientific or other conventionall...

    The workings of human consciousness are similarly miraculous. Like the laws of mathematics, consciousness has no physical presence in the world; the images and thoughts in our consciousness have no measurable dimensions. Yet, our nonphysical thoughts somehow mysteriously guide the actions of our physical human bodies. This is no more scientifically...

    Evolution is a contentious subject in American public life. According to Pew,98 percent of scientists connected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science “believe humans evolved over time” while only a minority of Americans “fully accept evolution through natural selection.” As I say in my book, I should emphasize that I am not que...

    For the past 10,000 years at a minimum, the most important changes in human existence have been driven by cultural developments occurring in the realm of human ideas. In the Axial Age (commonly dated from 800 to 200 B.C.), world-transforming ideas such as Buddhism, Confucianism, the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, and the Hebrew Old Testament ...

    In his commencement address to Kenyon College in 2005, the American novelist and essayist David Foster Wallace said that: “Everybody worships. The only choice we get is what to worship.” Even though Karl Marx, for example, condemned the illusion of religion, his followers, ironically, worshiped Marxism. The American philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre t...

    • Robert H. Nelson
  4. Terms. There are three important terms to remember. Theist. A theist is a person who believes in the existence of a god or gods - for example a Christian or a Muslim. Atheist. An atheist is a...

  5. Here, in ‘Does God Exist?’, to complete the trilogy, I will lay out the reasons most philosophers doubt the existence of God: the best arguments for God fail, the most well-known argument against God succeeds, and philosophers are not keen to take things on faith.

  6. Jun 12, 2014 · The apparent connection between morality and religion appears to many people to support the claim that moral truths require a religious foundation, or can best be explained by God’s existence, or some qualities or actions of God.

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