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- As young children develop, they begin to explore gender roles and what it means to be a boy or a girl. Cultures provide expectations for boys and girls, and children begin learning about gender roles from the norms of their family and cultural background. They also hear messages about gender roles from the larger world around them.
depts.washington.edu/dbpeds/healthy-gender-development.pdf
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Mar 31, 2021 · There was evidence that children in early childhood are aware of, and can apply, gender stereotypes. There was also evidence of the malleability of these biases and stereotypes. The social and cultural environment plays a large role in defining the cues by which young children classify on the basis of gender.
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- Included Studies
- Qualitative Synthesis
- Play
- Toys
The summary of the study design, participants, gendered parenting behaviour and child developmental outcomes is presented in Table 1. The studies are presented based on domain of parenting (vocalisation, socialisation, play, toys). A variety of gender-differentiated parenting behaviours were examined across the studies. It is important to note that...
Vocalisation
Fourteen studies, including four longitudinal ones, examined differences in vocalisation, with twelve conducted in the United States, one in Sweden and one in Australia, published between 1980 and 2017 (see Fig. 1). A total of 629 parent–child dyads participated, with sample size varying from 16 to 93, recruited through a variety of methods. Child age ranged from 19 weeks to 5 years, and children generally came from middle-class, Caucasian backgrounds. The studies examined a range of differen...
Socialisation
Twenty-one studies examined differences in socialisation, with thirteen conducted in the United States, four in Canada, three in Sweden and one in the Netherlands. Studies were published between 1978 and 2017 and six were longitudinal (see Fig. 4). A total of 1315 parent–child dyads participated, with sample size varying from 17 to 299, recruited through a variety of methods. Child age ranged from 2 days to five years, and children were mostly from middle-class, Caucasian backgrounds. Four of...
Seven studies examined differences in play, with five conducted in the United States, one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States and France (see Fig. 5). Studies were published between 1969 and 2010 and only one was longitudinal. A total of 273 parent–child dyads participated, with sample size varying from 12 to 80, recruited through a ...
Three studies examined differences in toys, all conducted in the United States. Studies were published between 1985 and 2018 and only one was longitudinal (see Fig. 6). A total of 164 parent–child dyads participated, with sample size varying from 40 to 72, recruited through a variety of methods. Child age ranged from 5 to 35 months and all were fro...
- Alina Morawska
- alina@psy.uq.edu.au
- 2020
Apr 7, 2021 · Gender role stereotypes play an important role in all areas of human development, and parents play a vital role in the formation and development of these stereotypes in children. Parents’ attitudes and beliefs about gender roles may be influenced by the parenting information and messages they receive.
- Alina Morawska, Sabine Baker, Sarah Johnston
- 2021
All children need the opportunity to explore different gender roles and different styles of play. Parents can make sure their young child's environment reflects diversity in gender roles and encourages opportunities for everyone.
The gender roles that children assume, as defined by our culture, affect their play, from determining their interests to deciding how to play and how to make use of props (Meier & Henderson 2007).
Mothers appear to be especially important in teaching and enforcing stereotypical gender roles. Studies from across the world described how mothers play a central role in reinforcing gender norms messages, especially to their daughters.
Playing, reading, eating together – it all helps your child to learn and develop, regardless of gender. When it comes to attending school, playtime or household chores, boys and girls should participate equally. Make room for everyone at playtime. Make sure to engage your children equally in play.
