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     • Eiffel, experienced in designing open lattice structures, allowed for a large safety margin by designing the Tower to withstand wind pressures of 4 kN/m 2.
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   How fast did the Eiffel Tower withstand wind?

   • Eiffel, experienced in designing open lattice structures, allowed for a large safety margin by designing the Tower to withstand wind pressures of 4 kN/m 2. The fastest winds recorded at the Tower reached a speed of 214 km/h in 1999 and would have produced pressures of just 2.28 kN/m 2.

   Shaped by the wind | plus.maths.org

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   Which wind load conditions were considered for the Eiffel Tower?

   • The wind load conditions considered for the Eiffel Tower are discussed below: The effect of wind load on the tower was considered in two configurations by Eiffel. First, a uniform load of 3 KN/m2 on the entire height. Second, a linearly varying load of 2 to 4 KN/m2 on the entire height.

   Eiffel Tower: Construction Features of the Iron Giant

   theconstructor.org/geotechnical/eiffel-tower-construction-features/75182/

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   Why did Eiffel build a wind tunnel?

   • Scientific American/ May 28, 1910 In 1909, Eiffel built a wind tunnel at the bottom of the Tower. It’s a large tube through which a strong fan pushes air. Air flowing around stationary objects placed in the tunnel would mimic effects during flight. This allowed Eiffel to test several models of airplane wings and propellers.

   How science saved the Eiffel Tower | Science News Explores

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   How strong is the Eiffel Tower?

   • He also used previously collected information about the effects of wind together with his own experience in building large railroad bridges and other structures, including the interior of the Statue of Liberty. According to a study recently commissioned by the company that now operates the Eiffel Tower, the building is indeed sturdy.

   How science saved the Eiffel Tower | Science News Explores

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   What is the maximum displacement of the Eiffel Tower?

   • The maximum reported value of displacement was 10 cm and 15 cm in case of a uniform wind load of 2 KN/m 2 and varying wind load of 2-4 KN/m 2, respectively. Eiffel designed the tower as an open-air structure with minimum obstacles, allowing the strongest winds to easily pass through the structure.

   Eiffel Tower: Construction Features of the Iron Giant

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   Did Eiffel Tower have a weather station?

   • Eiffel installed a weather station on the Tower’s third (and highest) floor. He connected instruments by wire to the French weather bureau in Paris. With these, he measured wind speed and air pressure. In fact, one of the more striking instruments installed on the Tower from its earliest days was a giant manometer.

   How science saved the Eiffel Tower | Science News Explores

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3. www.snexplores.org › article › how-science-savedHow science saved the Eiffel Tower - Science News Explores

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   Oct 23, 2014 · In 1909, Eiffel built a wind tunnel at the bottom of the Tower. It’s a large tube through which a strong fan pushes air. Air flowing around stationary objects placed in the tunnel would mimic effects during flight.

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4. www.toureiffel.paris › eiffel-tower-and-scienceThe Eiffel Tower and science - OFFICIAL Eiffel Tower Website

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   He therefore specified the Tower’s purpose: meteorological and astronomical observations, physics experiments, a strategic vantage point, an optical telegraph communications point, a beacon for electric lighting and wind studies.

5. www.yalescientific.org › 2011 › 05Secrets of the Eiffel Tower – Yale Scientific Magazine

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   Even though Eiffel was already a renowned engineer, celebrated for his work on structures such as the Garabit Viaduct, the dome of the Nice Observatory, and the Statue of Liberty, some claimed that it was an impossible feat to build a tower that could withstand the wind at such high altitudes.

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7. www.toureiffel.paris › en › the-monumentEiffel Tower history, architecture, design & construction

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   The curvature of the uprights is mathematically determined to offer the most efficient wind resistance possible. As Eiffel himself explains: "All the cutting force of the wind passes into the interior of the leading edge uprights.

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8. theconstructor.org › geotechnical › eiffel-towerEiffel Tower: Construction Features of the Iron Giant

   theconstructor.org › geotechnical › eiffel-tower

   The effect of wind load on the tower was considered in two configurations by Eiffel. First, a uniform load of 3 KN/m2 on the entire height. Second, a linearly varying load of 2 to 4 KN/m2 on the entire height.

9. reflexscience.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr › en › readGustave Eiffel and his construction of metal arch bridges

   reflexscience.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr › en › read

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   Mar 4, 2024 · After studying the effects of air resistance on objects falling from the top of the Eiffel Tower, in 1912 he set up the first experimental aerodynamics laboratory equipped with a wind tunnel, at 67 rue Boileau in Paris.

10. plus.maths.org › content › shaped-windShaped by the wind | plus.maths.org

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    May 1, 2002 · Eiffel, experienced in designing open lattice structures, allowed for a large safety margin by designing the Tower to withstand wind pressures of 4 kN/m 2. The fastest winds recorded at the Tower reached a speed of 214 km/h in 1999 and would have produced pressures of just 2.28 kN/m 2.