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  1. This revolutionary style would prove central to many poetic traditions, from ancient Rome to medieval France to Renaissance England and into the present.

    • Ted Scheinman
    • Strategy & Grand Strategy
    • Ancient Sparta
    • Grand Strategy of Sparta
    • Enemies & Allies
    • Conclusion

    Just under a century ago, J. C. F. Fuller drew a sharp distinction between "strategy," which was "more particularly concerned with the movement of armed masses," and what he called "grand strategy" – which, he wrote, "including these movements, embraces the motive forces which lie behind them," whether they be "material" or "psychological." As he p...

    The origins of the Spartan regime and the way of life attendant on it are shrouded in legend – and scholars who are interested in the subject have to rely to a considerable degree on educated guesswork. There is, nonetheless, much that is certain – or very nearly so. Early Lacedaemon was a conquest community dependent on the labor of a servile clas...

    The grand strategy that, in the course of the Archaic Period(c. 800-479 BCE), the Lacedaemonians gradually worked out for the defense of this way of life was comprehensive, as successful grand strategies generally are. Of necessity, it had domestic consequences on a considerable scale. Its dictates go a long way towards explaining the Spartans' ave...

    Not surprisingly, the grand strategy adopted by the Spartans had serious consequences for Lacedaemon's posture in the intercommunal sphere as well. Given the challenges they faced, the Spartans were never sufficiently numerous; and, even in the best of times, their perch was precarious – for they not only had the helots to contend with. To the nort...

    Taken as a whole the grand strategy articulated by archaicLacedaemon was brilliantly designed for the purpose it was intended to serve. It had, however, one potential defect. It required on the Spartans' part a policy of isolationism presupposing that for all practical purposes, under Lacedaemon's hegemony, the Peloponnese was a world unto itself –...

    • Paul Rahe
  2. They could settle down in new places and found new workshops whose stylistic and iconographic repertory could derive at least partly from the tradition of their founders. For this reason, often fine bronzes are tentatively ascribed to a Spartan workshop, although discovered in Italy, or even beyond, in France or Central Europe.

  3. Jul 22, 2021 · Part of what made their military so effective was the Spartan culture. The Spartans inhabited an area of Greece called Peloponnesus, and we’re a deeply religious people, sometimes calling off or delaying entire campaigns in order to observe a holy festival.

  4. In March 1976 the soon-to-be US president Ronald Reagan (1911‒2004) complained that Henry Kissinger (1923‒) ‘thinks of the United States as Athens and the Soviet Union as Sparta’, dismissing Kissinger’s fears that ‘effete’ Athens would be defeated by ‘vigorous and disciplined’ Sparta.

  5. Dec 25, 2023 · Well-known battles and wars in which Spartans were involved include the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC, where a small force of Spartans fought against an overwhelming Persian army, and the...

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  7. Mar 20, 2019 · Were the Spartans really so great in war? What are the roots of their image as invincible super-soldiers? A deep dive into their history and institutions shows that there is some truth, but also a great deal of distortion.

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