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The condemnation of Celestius and Pelagius was repeated at the Council of Diospolis (modern Lod, Israel) in 415 and at two African councils in 416. Although they were excommunicated in 417 by Pope St. Innocent I, the succeeding pope, St. Zosimus, was to prove sympathetic.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
It is believed Caelestius met Pelagius in the late 4th century in the city of Rome. Pelagius emphasized that Christians were required by God to struggle against evil behavior using the teachings of the Bible and the example of the Christian saints (although he also affirmed repeatedly in Church proceedings and in a letter to the pope that grace ...
Celestius, a disciple of Pelagius, denied the church’s doctrine of original sin and the necessity of infant baptism. Pelagianism was opposed by St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo, who asserted that human beings cannot attain righteousness by their own efforts and are totally dependent upon the grace of God.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Celestius, who was a disciple of Pelagius, also was to have denied original sin and the necessity of infant baptism for salvation. [20]
In 417 Pope Innocent I endorsed the condemnations and excommunicated Pelagius and Celestius. Innocent’s successor, St. Zosimus , at first pronounced him innocent on the basis of Pelagius’s Libellus fidei (“Brief Statement of Faith”), but, after renewed investigation at the council of Carthage in 418, Zosimus confirmed the council’s ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
The judgment that Pelagian teachings were heretical was upheld by the ecumenical council at Ephesus in 431. Modern scholarship has emphasized the importance of distinguishing between Pelagianism as a historical movement and Pelagianism as a theological system, the latter caricaturing the former.
The Pelagian controversy was a key moment in the development of Western theology. However, adequate information about one of its protagonists, Caelestius, is surprisingly scarce. His ancient opponents succeeded in silencing him. The present article gives Caelestius back his voice by analysing what remains of one of his unpreserved books. Thirteen passages from this lost book were quoted ...
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