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- Their support of the new French government put the Bonaparte siblings at odds with Paoli, who still championed Corsican independence. Rising tensions between the Bonapartes and Paoli's supporters soon forced Napoleon's family to flee to mainland France in 1793.
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During the closing campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleon left his brother to govern Paris with the title Lieutenant General of the Empire. As a result, he was again in nominal command of the French Army that was defeated at the Battle of Paris .
Joseph Bonaparte was a lawyer, diplomat, soldier, and Napoleon I’s eldest surviving brother, who was successively king of Naples (1806–08) and king of Spain (1808–13). Like his brothers, Joseph embraced the French republican cause and, with the victory of Corsican patriot Pasquale Paoli, was forced.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Invading An Ally
- Three Invasions of Portugal
- Changing Kings
- Loss of The Colonies
- The Source of The Word “Guerrilla”
- Terror Tactics
- The War That Made Wellington
- Saved by Wars Elsewhere
- The Maid of Saragossa
- Marshal Soult
Before France invaded Spain in October 1807, the two countries were allies. However, Spain was not the reliable ally Napoleon wished for. Factions in the Spanish court were pushing the King towards abandoning the French alliance and launching an invasion across the Pyrenees. More importantly, the Iberian Peninsula stood in the way of Napoleon’s pla...
Having crossed through Spain, the French invaded Portugal. It was the first of three invasions in only four years, as the French struggled to bring the Portuguese under control.
Once in control of Spain, Napoleon bullied both King Charles IV and his son Ferdinand into giving up their throne. He then brought in his brother, Joseph, as King of Spain. Joseph had some experience as a ruler, as Napoleon had previously put him in charge of Naples. This nepotistic approach allowed Napoleon to ensure he could rely on the monarchs ...
The French invasion and the monarchy’s time in exile led to Spain’s loss of its colonies. A rebel government was founded in Spain to fight against French control. The Latin American colonies felt they should be represented in the government as they had not been before. Conservatives and those with old world interest resisted. As a result, more peop...
The term “guerrilla warfare” came into the English language due to the French invasion of Spain. Resistance to military rule by armed civilians was by no means unprecedented. Nor was the sort of irregular fighting it led to, as soldiers and civilians alike attacked using ambushes, sabotage, and hit and run raids. Up to then, there had been no word ...
The desperate, irregular nature of the guerrilla war led to the use of terror tactics often adopted by and against freedom fighters and terrorists. French soldiers were mutilated, decapitated, and allegedly buried alive. The French fought back by hanging partisans from trees, leaving their bodies out as a warning. Regular soldiers on both sides of ...
The Peninsula Campaign was the war that made the career of Sir Arthur Wellesley, who by its end had been made the Duke of Wellington. Wellesley had previously distinguished himself as an officer in India and Denmark. When the British arrived in Portugal, with the intention of pushing on from there to liberate Spain, he was not in charge. A governme...
At first, the French stormed through Spain and into Portugal. It looked as if they would win the campaign. Then the situation was transformed by events elsewhere in Europe. A revolt by the Tyroleans in 1809 created an excuse for Austria to start fighting the French again. As a new coalition formed against him, Napoleon was forced to leave Spain and...
One of the famous heroes of the war was Agostina Zaragoza, “the Maid of Saragossa.” She rose to prominence during the defense of Saragossa against the French. Her lover was killed while crewing a canon and she took his place, keeping the gun in action. She became the subject of books, poems, and paintings, a symbol of resistance.
Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult commanded the French forces throughout much of the war in Spain. He fought the British as they pursued the French across the Pyrenees and into France. He earned the respect of many of his opponents, although Wellington felt he was overrated and prone to hesitation on the battlefield. Sources: Mike Duncan, Revolutions Podc...
In early May, Madrid revolted, and on June 15 Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, was proclaimed the new king of Spain, leading to a general anti-French revolt across the Iberian Peninsula. The Rise of...
Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them.
There, on May 5, 1808, Napoleon forced Ferdinand to abdicate in favour of Charles and Charles in favour of himself. In exchange, Napoleon promised that Spain should remain Roman Catholic and independent, under a ruler whom he would name. He chose his brother Joseph Bonaparte. On May 2, however, the people of Madrid had already risen against the ...
In an attempt to control the Iberian Peninsula, in 1808 Napoleon forced the abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII of Spain and granted the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph, provoking a violent conflict that overlapped with the Peninsular War.
