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- Evolving from an ancestral moth-like insect about 60 million years ago, the sheer beauty of their wings, and the metaphorical power of their emergence fully formed from rather unpromising pupae, has made butterflies an object of admiration and inspiration.
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Butterfly wings dazzle our eyes while serving diverse biological functions. Their beauty is far more than superficial appearance. Wing colors and patterns precisely evolved to help regulate temperature, communicate with mates, evade predators, and warn off enemies.
Mar 17, 2024 · The colour of butterflies can contribute to protection from predators (camouflage, toxicity signal, etc.). The colour of butterflies is also involved in their reproductive success (recognition and choice of partner).
- Overview
- "Sitting Duck"
- Color Advantage
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Caterpillar Diet
Colors give butterflies camouflage, which helps them avoid hungry predators.
Ask a social butterfly where she got that great dress, and she'll say, "This old thing?" and then tell you its entire history.
Ask an actual butterfly about its colorful attire, and things get a lot more complicated.
Our Weird Animal Question of the Week comes to us from National Geographic's own Angie McPherson, a volunteer at the Smithsonian Butterfly Garden in Washington, D.C.'s National Museum of Natural History. She asked, "Why does the paper kite butterfly create a gold chrysalis?" (See "New Golden Bat Adds to Animals With the Midas Touch.")
The paper kite butterfly, native to Asia, is light yellow or off-white with an elaborate pattern of swooping black lines and dots. But its chrysalis—a hard case that protects the caterpillar during its final transformation into a butterfly—is a shiny, golden hue.
It's unknown why the chrysalis itself is gold, but its shininess helps camouflage the developing butterfly, says Katy Prudic, a biologist at Oregon State University in Corvallis.
Camouflage is crucial to chrysalides: Because growing butterflies are unable to move and in danger of being eaten or parasitized, "they're a sitting duck," Prudic notes.
The giant swallowtail is another example of chrysalis camo. In that species, the chrysalis resembles part of the tree on which it hangs—or it looks a bit snakelike, depending on the vantage point. (Watch video: Growing Up Butterfly.)
This species' caterpillar has some tricks up its sleeve: It can resemble bird droppings but can also look like a tiny snake at a later stage of development.
The monarch butterfly chrysalis has what appear to be gold dots and threads, which help the developing insect blend in with leaves.
Adult butterflies also use color to their advantage—not only to blend in but also to warn.
For instance, the adult monarch sports a bright orange color and distinctive pattern, a red flag to potential predators that it's distasteful and toxic.
Another species called the viceroy has even evolved to mimic the monarch's appearance so that predators keep their distance, according to Prudic. (Related: "Butterflies Can Evolve New Colors Amazingly Fast.")
A particularly impressive dual use of color, she adds, is seen in the blue morpho butterfly of the Central and South American rain forests.
This insect's strikingly blue wing color "is used to communicate among butterflies, so they'll display it when they're courting or mating," she says.
Underneath the wing is a dull brown decorated with fantastic eyespots, which alarm and confuse predators.
As for how we humans perceive those brilliant butterfly colors, it depends. Some color we see is the insect's true pigment, and some is structural, or the way light reflects off a surface.
When you see blue, purple, or white on a butterfly, that's a structural color, while orange, yellow, and black are pigment, Prudic says.
"The nanostructure of the chitin, or wing scale," Prudic says, "affects what light is reflected and how it's reflected."
This is what makes butterfly wings iridescent—the quality that makes them change color according to the angle from which you look at them, Prudic says.
McPherson also asked us what paper kite caterpillars eat to turn the chrysalis golden.
The diet of the caterpillar doesn't affect the hue of the paper kite chrysalis, though it does affect the chrysalis color of other species, Prudic says.
Plant-derived chemicals called flavonoids—which differ in leaves, flowers, and seeds—can influence chrysalis color.
The zebra swallowtail, for example, feeds on the leaves of plants of the Asimina family—and has a leaf-green chrysalis.
- Why butterflies and moths are important. There are many reasons why butterflies and moths are important, both in their own right but also as quality of life indicators.
- Intrinsic value. Butterflies and moths are intrinsically valuable and are worthy of conservation in their own right. Butterflies and moths are part of Life on Earth and an important component of its rich biodiversity.
- Aesthetic value. Butterflies and moths are part of our natural heritage and have been studied for over 300 years. Butterflies and moths are beautiful. Many are iconic and popular.
- Educational value. Butterflies and moths have fascinating life-cycles that are used in many countries to teach children about the natural world. The transformation from egg to caterpillar to chrysalis is one of the wonders of nature.
Jan 26, 2016 · Butterflies' special place in human culture stems from the fact that they have used their wings not only for flight, but as a canvas for some of the most striking...
Aug 2, 2024 · Why do butterflies matter? Willow Neal explains why they should be prioritised for conservation and introduces us to some butterfly species in the UK.
Sep 14, 2023 · Butterflies are truly remarkable creatures, captivating us with their beauty and fascinating life cycles. By understanding their anatomy, life stages, and habitats, we can enhance our appreciation for these delicate insects and embark on our own journey of butterfly identification.
