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Dante Alighieri
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- The nine circles of hell were first described by Dante Alighieri, an Italian poet in his epic poem The Divine Comedy. The epic poem consists of three parts, each describing Dante’s journey through the realms of Dante’s Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso.
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- Bael: The First King of Hell. Bael (sometimes Baal or Ba’al) is the first spirit mentioned in both the Ars Goetia and the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum. He is described with a hoarse voice and the knowledge to turn men invisible.
- Paimon: The King of the West. Paimon is the king of the west of Hell and also leads sixty-six legions. He also is described as having a hoarse voice and is said to communicate in his native language until the person who summoned him bids him to speak in their language, after which he will communicate with them so they can understand.
- Beleth: The Cat King. Less is known of the third king, Beleth (sometimes Byleth) who has the image of a terrifying cat. He is said to have eighty legions of demons under his control, strikingly more than the first two kings.
- Purson: The Familiar King. Purson, the fourth king, is depicted as a man with the head of a lion, riding a large bear instead of a horse. He commands twenty-two legions of demons.
- First Circle of Hell: Limbo
- Second Circle of Hell: Lust
- Third Circle of Hell: Gluttony
- Fourth Circle of Hell: Greed
- Fifth Circle of Hell: Anger
- Sixth Circle of Hell: Heresy
- Seventh Circle of Hell: Violence
- Eighth Circle of Hell: Fraud
- Ninth Circle of Hell: Treachery
In the book, limbo is where those who never knew Christ exist. Dante encounters several historical figures, including Ovid, Homer, Socrates, Aristotle, Julius Caesar, and more, in this circle.
In the second circle, a stormy and dark realm, Dante encounters Achilles, Paris, Tristan, Cleopatra, and Dido, among others.
The third circle is reserved for those who overindulge. Dante encounters ordinary people here, not characters from epic poems or gods from mythology. The author Boccacciotook one of these characters, Ciacco, and incorporated him into his 14th-century collection of tales called "The Decameron."
Dante encounters more ordinary people in the fourth circle but also the guardian of the circle, Pluto, the mythological king of the underworld. This circle is reserved for people who hoarded or squandered their money, but Dante and Virgil do not directly interact with any of its inhabitants. This is the first time they pass through a circle without...
Dante and Virgilare threatened by the Furies when they try to enter through the walls of Dis (Satan). This is a further progression in Dante’s evaluation of the nature of sin; he also begins to question himself and his own life, realizing his actions and nature could lead him to this permanent torture.
Representing the rejection of religious and political norms, the sixth circle leads Dante to Farinata degli Uberti, a military leader and aristocrat who tried to win the Italian throne and was convicted posthumously of heresy in 1283. Dante also meets Epicurus, Pope Anastasius II, and Emperor Frederick II.
This is the first circle to be further segmented into sub-circles or rings. There are three of them—the outer, middle, and inner rings—housing different types of violent criminals. The first are those who were violent against people and property, such as Attila the Hun. Centaurs guard this outer ring and shoot its inhabitants with arrows. The middl...
This circle is distinguished from its predecessors by being made up of those who consciously and willingly commit fraud. Within the eighth circle is another called the Malebolge (“Evil Pockets”), which houses ten separate bolgias(ditches). These ditches housed different types of people who committed fraud: panderers; seducers; flatterers; simoniacs...
The ninth circle, the deepest, is where Satan resides. As with the last two circles, this one is further divided, into four rounds. The first is Caina, named after the biblical Cain, who murdered his brother. This round is for traitors to family. The second, Antenora—from Antenor of Troy, who betrayed the Greeks—is reserved for political and nation...
Virgil proceeds to guide Dante through the nine circles of Hell. The circles are concentric, representing a gradual increase in wickedness, and culminating at the centre of the earth, where Satan is held in bondage.
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- Limbo. The first circle is home to the unbaptized and virtuous pagans. It’s not Heaven, but as far as Hell goes, it isn’t too bad: It’s the retirement community of the afterlife.
- Lust. The wind-buffeted second circle of Hell is the final destination of the lustful and adulterous — basically anyone controlled by their hormones.
- Gluttony. Today’s forecast calls for plenty of icy rain and slush — a “wintery mix” for all eternity. You know those people whose Instagram feeds are full of carefully lit photos of artfully arranged entrees?
- Greed. This section of Hell is reserved for the money-grubbers and overly materialistic among us. According to Dante, those condemned to the fourth circle spend eternity fighting over money and valuables, so be prepared to meet all of your distant cousins who show up out of nowhere with empty U-Haul trucks moments the moment after a well-to-do great aunt or uncle dies.
- (Limbo) Dante’s First Circle of Hell is inhabited by virtuous non-Christians and unbaptized pagans who are punished forever in an inferior form of Heaven.
- (Lust) In the Second Circle of Hell, Dante and his guide Virgil find people who were overwhelmed by lust. They are penalized by being blown furiously back and forth by strong winds, stopping them from finding peace and rest.
- (Gluttony) When reaching the Third Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil find souls of gluttons who are faced by a worm-monster Cerberus.
- (Greed) In the Fourth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see the souls of people who are sentenced for greed. They are divided into two groups – those who acquired possessions and those who lavishly filled it – jousting.
Inferno, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy that inspired the latest Dan Brown's bestseller of the same title describes the poet's vision of Hell. The story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a dark wood where he is attacked by three beasts which he cannot escape. He is rescued by the Roman poet Virgil who is ...
May 3, 2023 · The nine circles of hell were first described by Dante Alighieri, an Italian poet in his epic poem The Divine Comedy. The epic poem consists of three parts, each describing Dante’s journey through the realms of Dante’s Inferno, Purgatorio , and Paradiso .
