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Indochina, the three countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia formerly associated with France, first within its empire and later within the French Union. The term Indochina refers to the intermingling of Indian and Chinese influences in the culture of the region. Ho Chi Minh City Hôtel de Ville (Town Hall), in French Colonial Style, 1901–08 ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Introduction↑
- Indochina on The Eve of World War I: 1914↑
- Indochina During World War I↑
- The Legacies of World War I in Indochina↑
- Conclusion↑
Indochina, the so-called “Pearl of the French Empire”, was known as the only fully self-financed and zero-cost colony for the metropolitan budget, and significantly contributed to the Great War effort in terms of both funds and products, and military and labor forces. Out of fewer than 17 million inhabitants, around 93,000 Indochinese volunteer sol...
The Vietnamese, Cambodian and Lao Kingdoms under French Colonial Rule↑
By 1914, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos had been under French colonial rule for less than thirty years, after a period of conquest that lasted from the 1860s to the 1880s, and had been under a common general budget since 1898. French Indochina (Indochine française), officially known in 1887 as the Indochinese Union (Union indochinoise) was a colonial entity created by the French. It consisted of three kingdoms: Đại Việt, divided by the French into three parts (Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin); Prea...
The Context of Anticolonial Revolts in the Early 20th Century↑
In 1914, calm was supposed to reign as the colonial power had “pacified” the three kingdoms, but uprisings contesting French rule characterized French Indochina at the dawn of World War I. Early in the 20th century, the French Sûreté had worried about the victory of Japan over Russia (Russo-Japanese Warin 1905), the first victory of “a yellow people over the white”, and the fall of the Qing dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China in 1911, under the leadership of the nationalist par...
The French Colonial Policy of “Mise en valeur” and “Mission civilisatrice”↑
Unlike Algeria, Indochina was not a settlement colony: it had only about 18,000 French civilians, militaries and civil servants but over 16.4 million Indochinese. In 1914, it was but a colony of economic exploitation (colonie d'exploitation économique) which funded its own budget through revenue collection, taxes on locals and consumption quotas for monopolized goods such as opium, salt and alcohol. The trade of those three products formed 44 percent of the colonial government's budget in 192...
The Indochinese Contribution to the War Effort↑
Of the 93,000 Indochinese soldiers and workers who came to Europe, most were from the poorest parts of the Tonkin and Annam regions, which had been badly hit by famine and cholera, and – to a lesser degree – from Cambodia (1,150). Some 44,000 Vietnamese soldiers served in combat battalions on the fronts in Verdun and the Vosges (both in northeastern France), on the Eastern Front, in the Middle East and in the Balkans. In logisticsbattalions they were used as drivers transporting troops to the...
The French Colonial Policy of “Association Franco-Annamite”↑
Albert Sarraut, who was governor general during almost all the Great War, and minister of the colonies just after, was the great architect of the policy of association also called the “collaboration franco-annamite” (Pháp Việt Đề huề), which characterized French colonial policy during the interwar period. Sent back as the head of Indochina at the heart of the war, from 1917 until 1919, Sarraut pursued his dual policy: “I have always estimated that Indochina must be protected against the effec...
Uprisings and Conflict during the Great War↑
Despite the proclamation of a state of war in Indochina in 1914, three major uprisings happened in Vietnam. In Cochinchina, a series of revolts broke out in 1916. In February of that year, around 300 supporters of Phan Xich Long marched toward the penitentiary in Saigon asking for the liberation of their leader, and there were other uprisings in the Mekong Delta. In the same year, in Huế, the emperor Duy Tân (r. 1906-1916) was engaged with the mandarin Trần Cao Văn (1866-1916) and others in a...
French Indochina and Rising Regional Powers (Japan, China, Siam)↑
By 1914, “a fear of revolutionary nationalism had become a basic ingredient of French policies in Vietnam, as well as a feature of French diplomatic activity in Asia.”Anxious to defeat the German troops on their soil, the French also had to deal with the affirmation of three Asian powers. As Japan, China and Siam joined the war on the Allies' side as independent countries, the French took the opportunity of these new alliances to go after the Indochinese “rebels” who fled to these neighboring...
The “Franco-Annamese Collaboration” or the Missed Opportunity↑
Sarraut’s doctrine of “Franco-Annamese collaboration” was reaffirmed after the war by a victorious but exhausted France. But it rapidly became a missed opportunity (rendez-vous manqué). With the League of Nations and the emergence of new great powers (United States, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, China and Siam) in the Pacific, France claimed to represent the Indochinese in the Far East through a policy of association with its indigenous elites. In the early 1920s, Sarraut, then minister of t...
Anticolonial Parties and Political Radicalization↑
The important and exceptional mobility of Indochinese between Indochina and France played a decisive role in the circulation of ideas and contributed to the reconfiguration of the anticolonial movement. The positive experience of living in France gave the incomers the opportunity to see French weakness when faced with German enemies, and the main changes in French politics as a result of the Bolshevik revolution. One of the main sources of political radicalization clearly came from the massiv...
The contribution of Indochina to World War I was significant in terms of raw materials, financial support of the war effort and human participation. The transcontinental migration of around 93,000 colonized Indochinese to the imperial metropolis between 1914 and 1919 was unique. During World War II, far fewer Indochinese were sent to Europe (8,000 ...
Oct 16, 2019 · Updated on October 16, 2019. French Indochina was the collective name for the French colonial regions of Southeast Asia from colonization in 1887 to independence and the subsequent Vietnam Wars of the mid-1900s. During the colonial era, French Indochina was made up of Cochin-China, Annam, Cambodia, Tonkin, Kwangchowan, and Laos.
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When World War I broke out, the military conquest of the countries located between China, Siam and the South China Sea had been over for two decades. Nonetheless, French rule in Indochina was not entirely established and the exploitation of economic resources had only just begun. Globally, the region’s societies and cultural identities had not yet significantly changed. Initially, local ...
