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Dec 21, 2023 · German education includes the elementary, primary, and secondary school levels, followed by higher education in universities and universities of applied sciences. Typically, primary school is...
Nov 2, 2021 · Early estimates show the percentage of international students attending postsecondary institutions in the United States declined by 16 percent between 2020 and 2021. Browse the full report to see how the United States compares with other countries on these and other important education-related topics and learn more about how other countries ...
- Introduction
- Literature on The Covid School Closures
- School Closures in The United States and Germany
- A Structural Model of School Closures
- Policy Implications
- Conclusion
The Covid-19 pandemic forced governments worldwide to restrict certain activities to prevent the spread of the virus. Next to many other sectors of the economy, one sector affected by these measures everywhere worldwide was schools. Figure 1shows UNESCO estimates of the total duration of full or partial school closures from the start of the crisis ...
There is by now a growing literature on the Covid-19 induced school closures. Within the field of economics, this literature is however still quite small. While there are probably dozens of economics papers incorporating the SIR model into a macroeconomic model to analyse the causes of the Covid-19 recession, there are few papers in economics focus...
3.1. Regulations and data
At the outbreak of the Corona crisis in March 2020, 44 states in the United States ordered public school closures, while the rest recommended them at some point during March. Twenty-three of the states also mandated the school closures of private schools (Zviedrite et al., 2021). School closures during this initial period were thus quite universal. However, in the school year 2020/21, the decision to close schools rested largely with school districts, of which there are more than 13,400 in th...
3.2. Extent of school closures in the United States and Germany
In this section, I describe and compare the extent of school closures for the United States and Germany, as well the regional heterogeneity. For both countries, I start the observation period with the first school closures in March. For the United States, the observation period ends in May 2021, given that summer holidays typically start in June. For Germany, the observation period runs up to the start of the summer vacation in 2021, which is somewhat different in each state, but always lies...
As stated in the literature review, there are by now first papers analysing the immediate effects of the Covid school closures on test scores (see, e.g., Halloran et al., 2021). To assess the long-term effects of the school closures on labour earnings and welfare of the affected children, one has basically three options: first, in a few years, once...
I want to end with policy implications, and focus here on policy lessons for the future, not on the question whether school closures were an effective and cost-efficient way to combat the Covid pandemic in the first place. Given that school closures happened, what should the governments do now to help the children? The model clearly shows that the ...
Extensive school closures negatively affected children all over the globe. While a lot of discussion during the Covid crisis has focused on the direct costs of the crisis to the government budget, to workers or to businesses, less discussion time has been devoted to the costs for the children affected by the school closures, likely because these co...
Feb 24, 2021 · Schools throughout Germany are welcoming students back to in-person classes with measures like these since Monday. To start with, only primary schools and classes due to take state exams...
Sep 16, 2021 · The 2021 edition includes a focus on equity, investigating how progress through education and the associated learning and labour market outcomes are impacted by dimensions such as gender, socio-economic status, country of birth and regional location.
Oct 21, 2020 · How did Germany reopen schools compared to the United States, and with cases ticking back up in Germany, will its early success and the United States' troubled restart hold through the fall? This project explores the long-term impact of the priorities and decisions made during the pandemic.
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Feb 3, 2021 · The United States experienced a second wave, too, but many schools that started the school year online reopened anyway, over the objections of teachers who felt forced back into...
