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Upper-air Wind Speed and Direction. g the behaviour of the atmosphere. It is basic to the working of the climate system through transport of heat. moisture and trace constituents. Measurements of wind are vital for initializing and verifying climate projections and for detecting, understanding and attributing variabilit. Data Sources2.
- The Pressure Gradient Force
- The Coriolis Force
- Friction
- Measuring Wind
- Wind Scales
It's a general rule of meteorology that air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. As this happens, air molecules at the place of higher pressure build up as they get ready to push toward the lower pressure. This force that pushes air from one location to another is known as the pressure gradient force. It is the force that...
If Earth didn't rotate, air would flow straight, in a direct path from high to low pressure. But because Earth rotates towards the east, air (and all other free-moving objects) are deflected to the right of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere. (They're deflected to the left in the Southern Hemisphere). This deviation is known as the Cor...
Take your foot and move it across a carpeted floor. The resistance you feel when doing this--moving one object across another--is friction. The same thing happens with wind as it blows over the surface of the ground. Friction from it passing over terrain--trees, mountains, and even soil--interrupts the air's movement and acts to slow it down. Becau...
Wind is a vector quantity. This means it has two components: speed and direction. Wind speed is measured using an anemometer and is given in miles per hour or knots. Its direction is determined from a weather vane or windsock and is expressed in terms of the direction from which it blows. For example, if winds are blowing from the north to the sout...
As a way to more easily relate wind speed to observed conditions at land and sea, and expected storm strength and property damage, wind scales are commonly used. 1. Beaufort Wind Scale Invented in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort (a Royal Navy officer and Admiral), the Beaufort scale helped sailors estimate wind speed without using instruments. They di...
- A gentle wind of 13-22 kts (15-25 mph)
- Wind speeds below 7 kts (8 mph)
Upper Level Winds. Find Data. Generally, the wind speeds and directions at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation. Definition source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
May 24, 2024 · The speed of the wind is controlled by the strength of the pressure gradient, the stronger the pressure gradient the higher the wind speed. The strength of the pressure gradient can be discerned from the spacing of isobars on a weather map.
Nov 22, 2019 · Centripetal force increases air speed and influences the direction of wind flowing around the center of the circulation. This acceleration creates a force at right angles to the flow of the wind and inward toward the center of the rotation, such as low and high pressure systems.
These wind components are used in equations of motion used to predict wind to designate direction in a three-dimensional plane. We’ll go through each of the five forces one by one to discuss how they affect wind speed and/or direction.
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Jan 30, 2024 · Instruments used to measure wind include the Anemometer for surface wind speed and the Wind Vane for wind direction. Upper winds are measured using RAWIN and Pilot Balloon equipment , with hydrogen-filled balloons tracked by RADAR and Optical Theodolite , respectively.
