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The Islamic Foundation (Urdu: موَسسہَ اسلامی, also called the Islamic Foundation UK) [1] is Jamaat-e-Islami's research and publishing house in the United Kingdom. [2] It was established in 1973 by two high-ranking Pakistani activists of Jamaat-e-Islami, Khurshid Ahmad and Khurram Murad. [3]
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
Islam[a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number approximately 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians. [9]
- Influence of The First Intermediate Period
- The First Intermediate Period & The Rise of Thebes
- Mentuhotep II & The 11th Dynasty
- The 12th Dynasty Begins
- The Classical Age of The Middle Kingdom
- Art in The Middle Kingdom
- The King & The Nomarchs
- Senusret III & Egypt's Golden Age
- The End of The 12th Dynasty
- The End of The Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom rose following the First Intermediate Period (2181-2040 BCE), a time when the central government was diminished almost to the point of non-existence and the regional administrators (nomarchs) governed their districts (nomes) directly until two kingdoms developed - Herakleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt - out of mi...
After the collapse of the Old Kingdom following the 6th Dynasty, there was no strong central government in Egypt. This came about, in part, because of the great works commissioned by the kings of the 4th Dynasty who built the pyramids at Giza. King Sneferu, the first ruler of the 4th Dynasty, initiated the construction of pyramids and set the parad...
Although Mentuhotep II became the 'second Menes' who united Egypt and ushered in the era of the Middle Kingdom, the path to that unification was initiated by Intef I and made clear by his successors. Mentuhotep I (c. 2115 BCE) followed Intef I's lead and conquered the surrounding nomesfor Thebes, greatly enhancing its stature and increasing the cit...
Scholars who claim that the Middle Kingdom only truly begins with the 12th Dynasty do so because of the reign of Amenemhat I (c. 1991-1962 BCE) and the culture his dynasty forged. His family would rule Egypt for the next 200 years, maintaining a strong, united country and interacting significantly with neighboring lands. When Amenemhat was vizier t...
Amenemhat I's successor was Senusret I (c. 1971-1926 BCE), who improved the infrastructure of the country and initiated the kinds of grand building projects which had characterized the Old Kingdom and represented the power of the king, including a temple to Amun at Karnak, which initiated the construction of the great temple complex there. Amenemha...
Artistic expression, although still employed for the glory of the king or the gods, found new subject matter during the Middle Kingdom. Even a cursory examination of Old Kingdom texts shows they were largely of a type such as inscriptions on monuments, pyramid texts, theological works. In the Middle Kingdom, although these kinds of inscriptions are...
Senusret I was succeeded by Amenemhat II (c. 1929-1895 BCE) who may have ruled jointly with him. A distinctive feature of the Middle Kingdom is the practice of co-regency whereby a younger man, the king's chosen successor (usually a son) would rule with the king in order to learn the position and ensure a smooth transition of power. Scholars are di...
Senusret II was succeeded by Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE), the most powerful king of the era whose reign was so prosperous he was deified in his lifetime. Senusret III is considered the model for the legend of Sesostris, the great Egyptian Pharaoh who, according to Herodotus, campaigned in and colonized Europe and, according to Diodorus Siculus,...
This realism even extends to how Senusret III is portrayed artistically. Whereas previous kings of Egypt are always depicted in statuary as young and strong, those of Senusret III are realistic and show him at his actual age and looking worn and tired from the responsibilities of rule. This same realism is apparent in the statuary of his son and su...
The 13th Dynasty is traditionally seen as weaker than the 12th, and it was, but exactly when it began to decline is unclear because the historical records are fragmentary. Certain kings, such as Sobekhotep I, are well attested but they become less so as the 13th Dynasty continues. Some kings are only mentioned in the Turin King's list and nowhere e...
- Joshua J. Mark
Established in 1973 in the UK, The Islamic Foundation is a long-standing centre of excellence in the teaching, research, and publishing about Islam in the English language.
2 days ago · Retaining its emphasis on an uncompromising monotheism and a strict adherence to certain essential religious practices, the religion taught by Muhammad to a small group of followers spread rapidly through the Middle East to Africa, Europe, the Indian subcontinent, the Malay Peninsula, and China.
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Sep 3, 2009 · Conquest. The early rise of Islam (632-700) The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the...
