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- Automobile Engine. When you drive a car, the process begins at the fuel pump, where you fill the gas tank with gasoline. Gasoline is a chemical fuel that contains a substantial amount of potential energy stored in the form of chemical bonds between its atoms.
- Human Metabolism. Human metabolism is a complex and intricate process governed by the first law of thermodynamics. When you consume food, your body extracts the chemical energy stored in the macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- Refrigeration. Refrigeration is a practical application of the first law of thermodynamics, showcasing how energy can be effectively transferred from one location to another to achieve a specific goal.
- Electric Power Plant. Electric power plants play a crucial role in supplying the energy required to power our homes, industries, and modern society at large.
- Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Perpetual Motion Machines Are Impossible
- References
The zeroeth law of thermodynamicsestablishes the concept of temperature: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. Example:If your car is the same temperature as your house and your car is the same temperature as your office, then your home and your office are the same temper...
The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. It states energy of a system may change forms, but it is neither created nor destroyed. One way to state this law is “you can’t get something for nothing”. Another way of stating the first law is that internal energy (∆E) of a system is the sum of the heat flow acro...
The second law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a system not in thermal equilibrium increases. Entropyis a measure of the randomness or disorder of a thermodynamic system. As entropy increases, less energy is available for useful work. If the first law states you can’t get something for nothing, you could consider the second law to mean “… a...
The third law states the entropy of a system approaches as constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Absolute zerois the lowest theoretically possible temperature (0K or zero Kelvin). The entropy of a system at absolute zero is nearlyzero, but not necessarily exactly zero. Entropy depends on how many ground states a system has. Pu...
One implication of the laws of thermodynamics is that perpetual motion machines are not possible. While energy may change from one form into another, entropy increases, and a bit of usable energy is lost. Machines are powered by energy sources that eventually are depleted. The closest people can get to perpetual motion is to use an initial power su...
Atkins, Peter (2007). Four Laws That Drive the Universe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199232369.Guggenheim, E.A. (1985). Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists(7th ed.). North Holland, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-86951-4.Kittel, C.; Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal Physics(2nd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.Wendt, Richard P. (1974). “Simplified transport theory for electrolyte solutions”. Journal of Chemical Education. American Chemical Society (ACS). 51 (10): 646. doi:10.1021/ed051p646The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships ...
Figure 2.2: Example of macrostates and microstates: inflatable balloon. We will start these lectures by considering closed systems, i.e. systems with N = Cst, for simplicity and come back to systems where the number of particles can vary after we have discussed the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. 2.3 Thermodynamical equilibrium
Oct 21, 2024 · Thermodynamics, science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. Thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and from one form to another. The key concept is that heat is a form of energy corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work.
2 days ago · Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. The first and second laws were formally stated in works by German physicist Rudolf Clausius and Scottish physicist William Thomson about 1860. The third law was developed by German chemist Walther Nernst from 1906 to 1912.
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The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. In equation form, the first law of thermodynamics is \[\Delta U=Q-W. \nonumber \] Here \(\Delta U\) is the change in internal energy \(U\) of the system.
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