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1. historicengland.org.uk › images-books › archivePhotographic Processes Illustrated in the Historic England ...

   historicengland.org.uk › images-books › archive

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   Paper is coated with a mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and ferric ammonium citrate and then dried. A photographic negative or an object is placed on the paper and exposed to light. The paper is then washed in water to leave a chemical mixture called ferric ferrocyanide or Prussian blue.

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3. www.ypsyork.org › resources › articlesThe calotype and its place in the development of photography

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   • 1834-1841 The Daguerrotype and The Calotype
   • 1841-1850 The Cyanotype, and Other Processes
   • 1851 The (Wet) Collodion Process
   • 1871 The Dry Plate Process
   • 1885 – 1887 Photographic Film

   The descriptions above do not indicate the complexity of the chemical processes. Many people with an interest in chemistry struggled with different combinations of chemicals to find practical methods of creating successful images and obtaining a positive image from the negative. In England, the first person to succeed in this whole process was Will...

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   Others continued to try to find different methods of creating photographs. An important method known as the cyanotype was developed by Herschel, in 1842. The process uses a mixture of two chemicals, ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide. The prints, which are blue in colour, can be fixed by washing in plain water. (There are variants o...

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   This was apparently invented almost simultaneously by Frederick Scott Archer and Gustave Le Gray. This process used a prepared glass plate which, in the darkroom, would be coated with collodion (a highly flammable solution of nitrocellulose, ether, and alcohol). It was then made light-sensitive with further chemicals and before it could dry, was pl...

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   Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process. This led to the invention of dry plate photography, which did not require the photographer to develop the plate immediately after exposure. This proved to be a highly successful process, which continued to be used into the 1920s.

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   In 1885, George Eastman started manufacturing flexible, paper-based photographic film. Although convenient, it produced rather poor results. In 1887 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin filed a patent for celluloid photographic film. The patent was not granted until 1898. In the meantime, George Eastman had already started production of this type of film usin...

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4. www.tandfonline.com › doi › fullImpressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives ...

   www.tandfonline.com › doi › full

   Sep 25, 2009 · Grace Seiberling's Amateurs, Photography, and the Mid‐Victorian Imagination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986) was the only book focused on this subject, but did not present a study on the British calotype.

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6. www.earlyphotography.co.uk › site › entry_D5-0Darkroom Lamps - Antique and Vintage Cameras - Early Photography

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   Early darkroom lighting was usually yellow or orange, as plates became faster in the dry-plate era and sensitive to a wider spectrum red lighting was used when developing negatives. Later, yellow light was used with printing papers and dark green for panchromatic plates.

7. blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk › introductionIntroduction to the cyanotype process - National Science and ...

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   Feb 18, 2011 · 1. Lighting for working: avoid daylight and fluorescent lighting, use low level tungsten light and limit total exposure. Working surfaces: clean, and covered: newspapers, paper towels. Sensitising. Mixing chemical solutions. 2. Measuring: clean dry paper for weighing dry chemicals, clean containers for measuring liquids. 3.

8. gmpphoto.blogspot.com › 2018 › 03A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHTING - Blogger

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   The first artificial light photography dates back to 1839, when L. Ibbetson used oxy-hydrogen light (also known as limelight, discovered by Goldsworthy Gurney) when photographing microscopic objects. Limelight was produced by heating a ball of calcium carbonate in an oxygen flame until it became incandescent.

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   What type of light was used in photography?

   • Later, yellow light was used with printing papers and dark green for panchromatic plates. The filter could be made of glass, fabric, acetate, paper mounted between glass or liquid (potassium bichromate). Folding lamps were advertised for use when travelling. Cyclopedia of Photography, pp. 61, 163.

   Darkroom Lamps - Antique and Vintage Cameras - Early Photography

   www.earlyphotography.co.uk/site/entry_D5-0.html

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   Who invented artificial light photography?

   • The first artificial light photography dates back to 1839, when L. Ibbetson used oxy-hydrogen light (also known as limelight, discovered by Goldsworthy Gurney) when photographing microscopic objects. Limelight was produced by heating a ball of calcium carbonate in an oxygen flame until it became incandescent.

   A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHTING

   gmpphoto.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-brief-history-of-photographic-lighting.html

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   When did photographers start using electric light?

   • Later arc-lamps were introduced to aid photographers, but it was not until 1877 that the first studio using electric light was opened. Powered by a gas-driven dynamo the studio by Van der Weyde in Regent Street, Westminster, had sufficient light to allow exposures of 2 to 3 seconds.

   A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHTING

   gmpphoto.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-brief-history-of-photographic-lighting.html

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   How did photography become a popular art form?

   • Two different ways of making photographic images using a camera were declared. The first was Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre’s (1787-1851) daguerreotype. The second was William Henry Fox Talbot’s (1800-1877) photogenic drawing. Photography quickly became an established science, art form and means of communication.

   A Century of Historic Photographic Types - Historic England

   historicengland.org.uk/images-books/archive/collections/photographs/historic-photographic-processes/

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   What kind of light bulb covers did Kindermann make?

   • Kindermann produced similar light bulb covers for some years, the 'Inactin' range replaced the earlier models. Two sizes were produced - 3" and 4" in ruby, orange or green. Two examples. BJA 1935, p. 603. Westminster Cat. 1939, p. 68. Battery powered. Yellow, light red, dark red and clear filters.

   Darkroom Lamps - Antique and Vintage Cameras - Early Photography

   www.earlyphotography.co.uk/site/entry_D5-0.html

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   When was photographic film invented?

   • In 1885, George Eastman started manufacturing flexible, paper-based photographic film. Although convenient, it produced rather poor results. In 1887 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin filed a patent for celluloid photographic film. The patent was not granted until 1898.

   The calotype and its place in the development of photography

   www.ypsyork.org/resources/articles/the-calotype-and-its-place-in-the-development-of-photography/

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10. www.alternativephotography.com › photograms-cameraPhotograms - a magical concept - AlternativePhotography.com

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    Nov 25, 2020 · The technique of creating a photographic image without the use of a camera is as old as photography itself. Commonly referred to as a photogram (or cameraless photography), it represents a unique art form that involves the placement of objects onto sensitised paper with the action of light.