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    • Check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity

      • A simple test to check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors will be placed on your skin to detect the electrical signals in your heart as it beats. This can help to find out if you have an irregular heart beat, blocked blood vessels to the heart, heart attacks, and cardiomyopathy, where the walls of the heart are enlarged.
      www.heartuk.org.uk/getting-treatment/tests-and-investigations
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  2. Jul 2, 2024 · To identify common heart conditions you’ll need to have some tests. These could include: blood pressure tests; checking your pulse; X-rays; stress tests; Checking your pulse. Taking a pulse is a very important part of heart health checks.

    • Echocardiogram: Uses sound waves to produce images of your heart. This common test allows your physician to see how your heart is beating and how blood is moving through your heart.
    • Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): Uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to make detailed pictures of your heart and the arteries that lead to and from it.
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat to provide two kinds of information. First, by measuring time intervals on the ECG, a doctor can determine how long the electrical wave takes to pass through your heart.
    • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Uses a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create detailed pictures of organs and structures inside your body.
  3. An electrocardiogram, or ECG, is a simple and useful test which records the rhythm, rate and electrical activity of your heart. Electrophysiological study. An electrophysiological (EP) study is a test which looks at your heart's electrical activity in more detail compared to an ECG. Exercise ECG.

  4. BNP (B-type natriuretic peptides) tests – show the level of a hormone in your blood, which if elevated, can be a sign of heart failure. Blood glucose (HbA1C) test - measures your average blood sugar levels over the past three months, which can help find out if you have prediabetes or diabetes.

    • What Is agglutination?
    • Prozone Phenomenon
    • Types of Agglutination Reactions
    • Active Agglutination
    • Passive Agglutination
    • Hemagglutination Test
    • Applications of Agglutination Reactions
    • Further Readings

    Agglutination is the visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies. Agglutination reactions apply to particulate test antigens that have been conjugated to a carrier. The carrier could be artificial (such as latex or charcoal particles) or biological (such as red blood cells). These conjugated particles are reacted with patient s...

    The condition of excess antibody, however, is called a prozone phenomenon.At a high concentration of antibody, the number of epitopes are outnumbered by antigen-binding sites. This results in the univalent binding of antigen by antibody rather than multivalently and thus, interferes in the crosslinking of antigen (Lattice formation). Occasionally, ...

    Agglutination reactions can be broadly divided into three groups: 1. Active/Direct agglutination 2. Passive agglutination 3. Hemagglutination

    Agglutination reactions where the antigens are found naturally on a particle are known as direct agglutination. In active agglutination, direct agglutination of particulate antigen with specific antibody occurs. Direct bacterial agglutination uses whole pathogens as a source of antigen. It measures the antibody level produced by a host infected wit...

    Passive agglutination employs carrier particles that are coated with soluble antigens. In this either antibody or antigen is attached to certain inert carrier thereby, particles or cells gets agglutinated when corresponding antigen or antibody reacts. Latex particles, Carbon particles, Bantonite etc. are used as inert carriers. E.g. Antigens coated...

    RBCs are used as carrier particles in hemagglutination tests. RBCs of sheep, human, chick, etc. are commonly used in the test. When RBCs are coated with antigen to detect antibodies in the serum, the test is called indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Hemagglutination uses erythrocytes as the biological carriers of bacterial antigens, and purified...

    Cross-matching and grouping of blood.
    Identification of Bacteria. E.g. Serotyping of Vibrio cholera, Serotyping of SalmonellaTyphi and Paratyphi.
    Serological diagnosis of various diseases. E.g Rapid plasma regains (RPR) test for Syphilis, Antistreptolysin O (ASO)test for rheumatic fever.
    Detection of unknown antigen in various clinical specimens. E.g. detection of Vi antigen of SalmonellaTyphi in the urine.
    https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/12%3A_Immunology_Applications/12.2%3A_Immunoassays_for_Disease/12.2E%3A__Agglutination_Reactions
    https://www.brainkart.com/article/Types-of-Agglutination-Reactions—Antigen-Antibody-Reactions_20188/
    http://www.biosciencenotes.com/agglutination/
  5. While pain in your chest might immediately raise alarm bells, other signs of heart disease such as a painful jaw or swollen ankles can be less obvious. Here are 10 signs that could mean it’s time to see a doctor.

  6. Overview. Symptoms. Causes. Diagnosis. Treatment. Recovery. Prevention. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually diagnosed after a risk assessment and some further tests. Risk assessment. If a GP thinks you may be at risk of CHD, they may do a risk assessment for cardiovascular disease, heart attack or stroke.

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