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  2. Kingdom: Animalia: Cells have nuclei and no cell wall. Phylum: Chordata: Have backbones. Class: Mammalia: Have hair and produce milk for young. Order: Primates: Have flat faces, forward facing...

    • Cell Wall. It is the outermost, protective layer of a plant cell having a thickness of 20-80 nm. Cell walls are made up of carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin and a complex organic polymer called lignin.
    • Plastids. They are double membrane-bound organelles that have their own genetic material. Plastids are mainly of three types: a) Chloroplasts: Found in the green parts of a plant and algae that contain the photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll.
    • Central Vacuole. It is the large vesicle that make up almost 30 to 80% of the total plant cell volume. The central vacuole is often the largest organelle in the cell that is filled with fluid, ions, enzymes, and other molecules.
    • Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane. It is a thin, biological membrane having a thickness of 7.5-10 nm that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
  3. Mar 5, 2020 · 1. Non-Vascular Plants: Plants in this group live in moist environments because they cannot adapt to land environment. There are no real roots, stems, leaves and transmission bundles. They get the water they need directly from the environment by diffusion. They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

  4. 1. General features of the plant kingdom. Characteristics of the living state. The living state is characterized by instability and change. The numerous chemical reactions, called collectively metabolism, within a living cell both consume (in the form of foodstuffs) and release energy. Metabolism is indicative of life.

    • Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Alternation of generations between the haploid (1n) gametophyte and diploid (2n) sporophyte is shown. (credit: modification of work by Peter Coxhead)
    • Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): This life cycle of a fern shows alternation of generations with a dominant sporophyte stage. (credit "fern": modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit "gametophyte": modification of work by "Vlmastra"/Wikimedia Commons)
    • Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): This life cycle of a moss shows alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
    • Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): This apple seedling is an example of a plant in which the apical meristem gives rise to new shoots and root growth.
  5. Sep 13, 2024 · The kingdom Plantae includes organisms that range in size from tiny mosses to giant trees. Despite this enormous variation, all plants are multicellular and eukaryotic (i.e., each cell possesses a membrane-bound nucleus that contains the chromosomes).

  6. Sep 4, 2018 · The plant kingdom has the following characteristic features: They are non-motile. They make their own food and hence are called autotrophs. They reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation or sexually. These are multicellular eukaryotes. The plant cell contains the outer cell wall and a large central vacuole.

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