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A holon, as Koestler devised the term, is an identifiable part of a system that has a unique identity, yet is made up of sub-ordinate parts and in turn is part of a larger whole. Koestler's holons were not thought of as entities or objects but as systematic ways of relating theoretical structures.
Holons are self-reliant units that possess a degree of independence and can handle contingencies without asking higher authorities for instructions (i.e., they have a degree of autonomy). These holons are also simultaneously subject to control from one or more of these higher authorities.
The people who influenced history the most, the “movers and shakers” from ancient times until today, have one thing in common: they challenged the status quo. By and large, they were rebels who were willing to take on established norms and traditions.
- The Devil and God serve as the two most common scapegoats in world history, blamed without evidence for the troubles of all mankind. The Devil and God, the yin and yang of the world’s theistic religions, are unquestionably the most “scapegoated” individuals in global history.
- Leon Trotsky was blamed for a host of problems in post-revolution Russia in the wake of Stalin’s rise of power and was eventually assassinated for them.
- Alfred Dreyfus was the victim of antisemitism in 19th century France, being wrongly and summarily convicted of treason. Alfred Dreyfus (October 9, 1859 – July 12, 1935) was a French-Jewish Army officer wrongly convicted of treason in 1894.
- Catherine O’Leary and her Cow were wrongly blamed for starting the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. Catherine O’Leary (March 1827 – July 3, 1895) was an Irish immigrant who was blamed, along with her cow, for starting the Great Chicago Fire of 1871; occurring between October 8 and October 10, 1871, the Great Chicago Fire was responsible for the deaths of up to 300 people, along with the destruction of 3.3 square miles of the city with property damages totalling $5bn in 2018 inflation-adjusted currency, and left more than 100,000 inhabitants homeless.
Aug 30, 2015 · The concept of a holon provides a helpful way to teach and think about facts and things. In 1967 Arthur Koestler , a Hungarian author and philosopher, coined the term ‘holon’ and defined it as a “whole-part.” ‘Hol’ (’holos’) means whole, self-contained, a surface with a boundary.
The human holon of, for example, a child has consciousness, behaviour, cultural being and social presence because it has the four basic perspective of each and every holon. What on earth does it mean then to place this human holon within one of the quadrants?
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Sep 23, 2024 · That’s the beauty of history; it’s often shaped by the unexpected. So, if you’ve ever doubted whether one person can really make a difference, these 14 stories will change your mind. 1. Gavrilo Princip. Gavrilo Princip was just 19 years old when he made a decision that altered the course of the 20th century.
