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Does psychology have a first-person perspective?
What is a first-person perspective?
Can a first-person perspective be used to study subjective experiences?
Can a first-person perspective help characterization of psychological phenomena?
Are first-person methods still used in psychology?
What is a perspective in psychology?
The first-person perspective is a central concept of critical psychology trying to make psychological processes and the subjective dimension of human life understandable.
- Ernst Schraube
- schraube@ruc.dk
- Autoethnography
- Descriptive Experience Sampling
- Heuristic Inquiry
- Micro-phenomenology
- Phenomenological Approaches
- Systematic Introspection
- Thinking Aloud
Core Description & Goal
Autoethnography can be regarded as a combination of ethnographic and autobiographic research, which investigates personal experiences in a systematic way (Ellis & Bochner, 2000). Autoethnographic research can be implemented in many different ways and include the study of personal experiences of other people or the personal interaction between people. It can also place a focus on the personal experience of the researcher herself (Ellis et al., 2011). Autoethnography can for instance be impleme...
Researcher-Participant Relationship
In some cases the researcher only relies on her own experiences (e.g. in the case of evocative autoethnography) – in which case there is no split. She might also focus either exclusively or in addition on the experience of others and conduct additional research, e.g. in field research or with interviews, which createsa split between the researcher and the participant (e.g. in the case of analytic autoethnography).
Acquired Data
The acquired data can rely on present observations in one’s own life or field research and on retrospective descriptions of past personal experience of the researcher or his/her participants. Other relevant sources, observations from field research, data acquired from co-researchers and already existing data could also be integrated in the data recording process. Systematically analyzed data can be accompanied by e.g. personal stories, short stories or poetry.
Core Description & Goal
The descriptive experience sampling method (DES) was developed by Russell Hurlburt (Hurlburt & Heavey, 2001, 2004; Hurlburt & Heavey, 2006) and allows to study pristine inner experiences in a natural environment. Pristine inner experiences refer to directly apprehended and naturally occurring phenomena. In order to capture pristine inner experiences, participants must wear a beeper and directly write down whatever they experienced prior to the beep. After the primary phase of data collection...
Researcher-Participant Relationship
The researcher and the participant are different individuals. Whereas the participant provides the data, the researcher guides the participant through an interview to aid the participant to provide high-fidelity descriptions of pristine experience. The data are analyzed by the researcher.
Acquired Data
Raw data collected through this method encompass notes from the participant’s observations of pristine inner experiences shortly after their occurrence. In addition, data from audio or video recordings from the interviews are retrieved. After the analysis of the data an idiographic description of the participant’s pristine inner experiences is produced.
Core Description & Goal
Heuristic inquiry was developed by Clark E. Moustakas (Douglass & Moustakas, 1985; Moustakas, 1990) and seeks to explore questions that arise from a personal experience of the researcher. The goal of this person-centered approach, which is grounded in humanistic psychology, is to immerse into a self-searching process in order to find a deeper meaning and insight about one’s personal “present-moment ongoing living human experience” (Sultan, 2018, p. 7). Furthermore, the approach also invites p...
Researcher-Participant Relationship
For the primary act of exploration there is no separation between the researcher and participant: the researcher explores her own experiences. However, the researcher can also include additional data gained through literature research and interviews.
Acquired Data
The data gathered with this method can stem from various sources, for example personal memories, diary entries, introspective observations, interviews with co-researchers, media documents and more. It is important that the data represent a deeper meaning that the researcher can discover throughout the exploration. Data of subjective experiences are usually retrospectively collected.
Core Description and Goal
The micro-phenomenological approach is based on the elicitation interview, which was first introduced by (Vermersch, 1994) and later adapted by Claire Petitmengin et al. (2006). Recently the term “micro-phenomenological interview” is used to describe the approach (Bitbol & Petitmengin, 2017; Petitmengin & Lachaux, 2013). The interview technique is based on the core concepts of Husserl’s phenomenology, the explication technique (Vermersch, 1994), the approach of focusing (Gendlin, 1969), the u...
Researcher-Participant Relationship
In the standard approach the researcher and the participant are different individuals. The participant provides rich details about his experience whereas the researcher interviews the participant and analyzes the data. There is also the possibility of a self-administered variant in which a trained researcher performs a micro-phenomenological self-interview (Sparby, 2020).
Acquired Data
The interview data of retrospectively retrieved lived experiences are gathered through audio or video recordings. Through a systematic data analysis written categories are extracted, which provide detailed descriptions of the experiences (Valenzuela-Moguillansky & Vásquez-Rosati, 2019).
Core Description & Goal
Phenomenology is originally rooted in philosophy and aims to uncover structures of experiences and modes of appearances of phenomena in consciousness. Depending on the respective phenomenological traditions the conception of how phenomenology should be conceived can greatly vary (Zahavi, 2019b). The same holds true for phenomenological approaches, which are embedded in psychological research frameworks. A common feature of phenomenological approaches might be a grounding in philosophical trad...
Researcher-Participant Relationship
In most phenomenologically inspired approaches, the researcher and participants are different individuals. The participants provide descriptions of lived experiences and the researcher analyzes these data without further interactions with the participants. However, in some cases the researcher might also use his own source of data for phenomenological analysis.
Acquired Data
The raw data gathered through the interviews provide retrospective descriptions of lived pre-reflective experiences of participants about a particular topic (e.g. “Describe a situation in which you were happy” or “How is it like to feel absorbed in nature?”). The researcher might take these raw data and analyze them following the principles of the phenomenological method in order to uncover a common structure of the experience of focus. However, details regarding the analysis can vary with re...
Core Description and Goal
Introspection aims to uncover qualitative and more subtle aspects of subjective experiencing – and do so not only in their resultant but also in their processual nature. Introspection was primarily used in the early phases of psychology, however the focus in this article is on more recent approaches. According to more recent approaches of introspection (Author & Author, 2015b; Burkart, 2018) systematic steps can be followed to study psychological phenomena from an internal perspective. System...
Researcher-Participant Relationship
In the approach by Weger and Wagemann (2015) there the researcher and participant are the same individual. The researcher observes experiences in a systematic way, scrutinizes them and compiles and analyzes the data. The researcher-participant relationship can vary in the dialogical introspective approach (Burkart, 2018), where the investigation is either done in a heterogenous group or alone. The process typically takes several weeks and it ends when the individual makes no more new observat...
Acquired Data
The data gathered through the method of introspection are typically written notes that are usually taken directly after the observatory phase or as soon as an opportunity emerges. The act of observation takes place during or shortly after the experience of interest. The documentation of the introspective observation is then often discussed in a structured manner in a group-based setting of co-researchers and the analysis of data can vary in relation to the specific introspective approach.
Core Description and Goal
This method was first introduced by Ericsson and Simon (1980) and aims to provide verbal reports about how participants solve a particular task. The participant is merely asked to articulate out loud things that come to mind to the extent that they are accessible. In addition to qualitative data that are gathered about a task, third-person data of task-performance are often also assessed. The concurrent recording of verbal reports and behavioral data allows to investigate the consistency of t...
Researcher-participant relationship
The researcher and participant are different people. The researcher records and analyzes the data and the participant performs the task and provides verbal reports.
Acquired Data
Both qualitative and quantitative data are recorded through this method in a systematic and pre-defined way. Qualitative data are collected during the experience of a specific task.
- Anna-Lena Lumma, Ulrich Weger
- 2021
Sep 19, 2018 · We can resolve the current ambiguity of the first-person perspective by introducing a new distinction between the first-person and third-person perspectives, based on two modes of consciousness: reflective and non-reflective.
- Alla Choifer
- 2018
- Behaviorist Perspective. If your layperson’s idea of psychology has always been about people in laboratories wearing white coats and watching hapless rats try to negotiate mazes in order to get to their dinner, then you are probably thinking about behavioral psychology.
- Psychodynamic Perspective. Who hasn’t heard of Sigmund Freud? So many expressions of our daily life come from Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis – subconscious, denial, repression, and anal personality, to name only a few.
- Humanistic Perspective. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person (know as holism). Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior, not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.
- Cognitive Perspective. Psychology was institutionalized as a science in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, who found the first psychological laboratory. His initiative was soon followed by other European and American Universities.
Feb 26, 2019 · According to a widespread view, first-person methods were largely discarded from psychology after the fall of introspectionism a century ago and replaced by more objective behavioral measures, a step that some authors have begun to criticize.
Sep 30, 2021 · First-person methods, which are clustered on the left-hand side of the axis, can be classified as fine-grained, whereas first-person methods on the right-hand side can be classified as coarser....
