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- The odds ratio for a risk factor contributing to a clinical outcome can be interpreted as whether someone with the risk factor is more or less likely than someone without that risk factor to experience the outcome of interest.
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We often see odds ratios (ORs) being used in research to explain whether interventions contribute to improvements in health. They are used to help researchers demonstrate associations between interventions and outcomes in both positive and negative directions.
- Allison Shorten, Brett Shorten
- 2015
May 22, 2023 · The odds ratio is a ratio of two sets of odds: the odds of the event occurring in an exposed group versus the odds of the event occurring in a non-exposed group. Odds ratios commonly are used to report case-control studies.
- Steven Tenny, Mary R. Hoffman
- 2023/05/22
- University of Nebraska Medical Center
Odds ratios frequently are used to present strength of association between risk factors and outcomes in the clinical literature. Odds and odds ratios are related to the probability of a binary outcome (an outcome that is either present or absent, such as mortality).
- Edward C. Norton, Bryan E. Dowd, Matthew L. Maciejewski
- 2018
Sep 11, 2015 · see odds ratios (ORs) being used in research to explain whether interventions contribute to improvements in health. They are used to help researchers demon-strate associations between interventions and out-comes in both positive and negative directions. To explain how ORs are calculated and what they mean, we will use two examples.
- Simplest Calculation
- When More Than Two Categories Exist
- Controlling For Other Differences
- Different Values of The Odds Ratio
- Can The Odds Ratio Be Used to Infer A Benefit?
- Why Odd Ratios Are Important
The simplest calculation of the odds ratio is used when only two choices for a characteristic exist—for example, men compared to women. Suppose we wish to compare the odds ratio of men and women for the risk of an adverse drug event. Table 1below, which uses hypothetical data, shows the calculation of risk, relative risk, odds, and the odds ratio. ...
When more than two categories exist for the characteristic used to compare the odds of the adverse event, the most common approach is to construct a table with one column for each value of the characteristic and two rows, as in Table 1. Then each category can be compared separately with the first category. Alternatively, any two categories can be c...
When comparing the odds of an adverse event for men and women, gender may not be the only difference between the two groups. The groups also may differ in insurance status, income, age, and other variables that can influence the odds of the adverse event. When we read about a study in which a logistic regression was performed to obtain an estimate ...
To interpret the importance of an odds ratio, you need to understand the meaning of the values. When the odds ratio is near 1, the odds are similar for people who have or who don’t have a particular characteristic (such as gender). For instance, an odds ratio of 1 for the risk of a certain type of cancer by gender means men and women have the same ...
Suppose a researcher conducts a randomized trial to study an intervention aimed at preventing influenza. Assuming this investigator compares the odds of getting influenza for those who received the intervention versus the odds for those who didn’t receive it, we’d expect an odds ratio lower than 1. This value indicates the intervention confers a be...
To review, the odds ratio compares those who experience an event with those who don’t experience it. The risk ratio, on the other hand, compares those who experience the event with the entire exposed population. If the group experiencing the event is very small, the risk and odds ratios won’t differ much. However, as the risk increases, the gap bet...
The odds ratio is used when one of two possible events or outcomes are measured, and there is a supposed causative factor. The odds ratio is a versatile and robust statistic. For example, it can calculate the odds of an event happening given a particular treatment intervention (1).
Aug 13, 2013 · How to interpret odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values with a stepwise progressive approach and a’concept check’ question as each new element is introduced.
