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- The odds ratio for a risk factor contributing to a clinical outcome can be interpreted as whether someone with the risk factor is more or less likely than someone without that risk factor to experience the outcome of interest.
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May 22, 2023 · The odds ratio is a ratio of two sets of odds: the odds of the event occurring in an exposed group versus the odds of the event occurring in a non-exposed group. Odds ratios commonly are used to report case-control studies.
- Steven Tenny, Mary R. Hoffman
- 2023/05/22
- University of Nebraska Medical Center
We often see odds ratios (ORs) being used in research to explain whether interventions contribute to improvements in health. They are used to help researchers demonstrate associations between interventions and outcomes in both positive and negative directions.
- Allison Shorten, Brett Shorten
- 2015
Odds can range between zero and infinity. Unlike risk, odds are not a fraction of a whole, but are instead a ratio of the number of elements with the outcome of interest to the number of elements without the outcome of interest, which is what creates the zero‐to‐infinity range of this ratio.
Odds ratios frequently are used to present strength of association between risk factors and outcomes in the clinical literature. Odds and odds ratios are related to the probability of a binary outcome (an outcome that is either present or absent, such as mortality).
- Edward C. Norton, Bryan E. Dowd, Matthew L. Maciejewski
- 2018
- Who Is It for?
- What Will I Learn and How?
- Contents
- Introduction
- Odds Ratio
- Confidence Interval
- P Values
- Bringing It All Together – Real World Example
- Summary
- Self Test Answers
Students of medicine or from the clinical sciences and professions allied to medicine wanting to enhance their understanding of medical literature they will encounter throughout their careers.
How to interpret odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values with a stepwise progressive approach and a’concept check’ question as each new element is introduced.
Introduction Odds ratio Confidence interval P value Bringing it all together – Real world example Summary Self test Answers
The first steps in learning to understand and appreciate evidence-based medicine are daunting to say the least, especially when confronted with the myriad of statistics in any paper. This short tutorial aims to introduce healthcare students to the interpretation of some of the most commonly used statistics for reporting the results of medical resea...
An odds ratio is a relative measure of effect, which allows the comparison of the intervention group of a study relative to the comparison or placebo group. So when researchers calculate an odds ratio they do it like this: The numerator is the odds in the intervention arm The denominator is the odds in the control or placebo arm = Odds Ratio (OR) S...
The confidence interval indicates the level of uncertainty around the measure of effect (precision of the effect estimate) which in this case is expressed as an OR. Confidence intervals are used because a study recruits only a small sample of the overall population so by having an upper and lower confidence limit we can infer that the true populati...
P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between groups. P>0.05 indicates there is not a statistically significant difference between groups.
A drug company-funded double blind randomised controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an adenosine receptor antagonist Cangrelor vs Clopidogrel in patients undergoing urgent or elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) who were followed up for specific complications for 48 hrs as outlined in the diagram below (Bhatt et al. 2009). The res...
This is a very basic introduction to interpreting odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values only and should help healthcare students begin to make sense of published research, which can initially be a daunting prospect. However it should be stressed that any results are only valid if the study was well designed and conducted, which highlights ...
Concept check 1. The correct answer is A. Concept check 2. The correct answer is B. Concept check 3. The correct answer is A. Bringing it all together – Real world example. The correct answer is C.
The odds ratio supports clinical decisions by providing information on the odds of a particular outcome relative to the odds of another outcome. In the endocarditis example, the risk (or odds) of dying if treated with the new drug is relative to the risk (odds) of dying if treated with the standard treatment antibiotic protocol.
Sep 11, 2015 · When we read the results of healthcare research, we often read about relationships or associations between different treatments and their outcomes for patients.
