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- The odds ratio (OR) is one of several statistics that have become increasingly important in clinical research and decision-making. It is particularly useful because as an effect-size statistic, it gives clear and direct information to clinicians about which treatment approach has the best odds of benefiting the patient.
www.biochemia-medica.com/en/journal/19/2/10.11613/BM.2009.011/fullArticle
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May 22, 2023 · The odds ratio is a ratio of two sets of odds: the odds of the event occurring in an exposed group versus the odds of the event occurring in a non-exposed group. Odds ratios commonly are used to report case-control studies.
- Steven Tenny, Mary R. Hoffman
- 2023/05/22
- University of Nebraska Medical Center
- Who Is It for?
- What Will I Learn and How?
- Contents
- Introduction
- Odds Ratio
- Confidence Interval
- P Values
- Bringing It All Together – Real World Example
- Summary
- Self Test Answers
Students of medicine or from the clinical sciences and professions allied to medicine wanting to enhance their understanding of medical literature they will encounter throughout their careers.
How to interpret odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values with a stepwise progressive approach and a’concept check’ question as each new element is introduced.
Introduction Odds ratio Confidence interval P value Bringing it all together – Real world example Summary Self test Answers
The first steps in learning to understand and appreciate evidence-based medicine are daunting to say the least, especially when confronted with the myriad of statistics in any paper. This short tutorial aims to introduce healthcare students to the interpretation of some of the most commonly used statistics for reporting the results of medical resea...
An odds ratio is a relative measure of effect, which allows the comparison of the intervention group of a study relative to the comparison or placebo group. So when researchers calculate an odds ratio they do it like this: The numerator is the odds in the intervention arm The denominator is the odds in the control or placebo arm = Odds Ratio (OR) S...
The confidence interval indicates the level of uncertainty around the measure of effect (precision of the effect estimate) which in this case is expressed as an OR. Confidence intervals are used because a study recruits only a small sample of the overall population so by having an upper and lower confidence limit we can infer that the true populati...
P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between groups. P>0.05 indicates there is not a statistically significant difference between groups.
A drug company-funded double blind randomised controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an adenosine receptor antagonist Cangrelor vs Clopidogrel in patients undergoing urgent or elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) who were followed up for specific complications for 48 hrs as outlined in the diagram below (Bhatt et al. 2009). The res...
This is a very basic introduction to interpreting odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values only and should help healthcare students begin to make sense of published research, which can initially be a daunting prospect. However it should be stressed that any results are only valid if the study was well designed and conducted, which highlights ...
Concept check 1. The correct answer is A. Concept check 2. The correct answer is B. Concept check 3. The correct answer is A. Bringing it all together – Real world example. The correct answer is C.
When you have a grouping variable, an odds ratio interpretation answers the question, is an event more or less likely to occur in one condition or another? It calculates the odds of an outcome occurring in one context relative to a baseline or control condition.
We often see odds ratios (ORs) being used in research to explain whether interventions contribute to improvements in health. They are used to help researchers demonstrate associations between interventions and outcomes in both positive and negative directions.
- Allison Shorten, Brett Shorten
- 2015
Odds ratios frequently are used to present strength of association between risk factors and outcomes in the clinical literature. Odds and odds ratios are related to the probability of a binary outcome (an outcome that is either present or absent, such as mortality).
- Edward C. Norton, Bryan E. Dowd, Matthew L. Maciejewski
- 2018
May 27, 2000 · The odds are a way of representing probability, especially familiar for betting. For example, the odds that a single throw of a die will produce a six are 1 to 5, or 1/5. The odds is the ratio of the probability that the event of interest occurs to the probability that it does not.
The odds ratio is used when one of two possible events or outcomes are measured, and there is a supposed causative factor. The odds ratio is a versatile and robust statistic. For example, it can calculate the odds of an event happening given a particular treatment intervention (1).
