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This review summarizes our current understanding of the major pathway for the initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on recent advances. We describe the major scanning or messenger RNA (mRNA) m 7 G cap-dependent mechanism, which is a highly coordinated and stepwise regulated process that requires the combined ...
- Figure 2
Structural models of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)3. A...
- Table 1
This review summarizes our current understanding of the...
- PMC Free Article
A non-AUG translational initiation in c-myc exon 1 generates...
- Figure 2
Jul 17, 2023 · Protein factors– the process of protein synthesis requires multiple non-ribosomal proteins that transiently participate during the initiation, elongation, and termination phases of protein synthesis. These factors are named for the phase in which they function (for example, eukaryotic initiation factor 2, eIF2).
- Jacob E. Hoerter, Steven R. Ellis
- 2023/07/17
- 2021
- Definition
- Protein Synthesis Steps
- Polypeptides and Proteins
- DNA Sequences
- Protein Synthesis Contributors
- Site of Protein Synthesis
- Transcription in Protein Synthesis
- Translation Process in Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is process in which polypeptide chains are formed from coded combinations of single amino acids inside the cell. The synthesis of new polypeptides requires a coded sequence, enzymes, and messenger, ribosomal, and transfer ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Protein synthesis takes place within the nucleus and ribosomes of a cell and is regu...
Protein synthesis steps are twofold. Firstly, the code for a protein (a chain of amino acids in a specific order) must be copied from the genetic information contained within a cell’s DNA. This initial protein synthesis step is known as transcription. Transcription produces an exact copy of a section of DNA. This copy is known as messenger RNA (mRN...
The result of protein synthesis is a chain of amino acids that have been attached, link by link, in a specific order. This chain is called a polymer or polypeptide and is constructed according to a DNA-based code. You can picture a polypeptide chain as a string of beads, with each bead playing the part of an amino acid. The order in which the beads...
In the nucleus, two strands of DNA are held together by nitrogenous bases (also called nucleobases or bases). Four bases – cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine – form the letters of the words in the DNA recipe book. One strand of DNA holds the original code. If the instructions of this code are carefully followed, a specific correct polypeptide ...
To make the copied stretch of code (transcription) we need enzymes called RNA polymerases. These enzymes gather free-floating messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules inside the nucleus and assemble them to form the letters of the code. Each letter of DNA code has its own key and each new letter formed by mRNA carries a lock that suits this key, a little lik...
The site of protein synthesis is twofold. Transcription (copying the code) occurs within the cell nucleus where DNA is located. Once the mRNA copy of a small section of DNA has been made it travels through the nuclear pores and into the cell cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the strand of mRNA will move towards a free ribosome or one attached to the rou...
The transcription process is the first step of protein synthesis. This step transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes of the cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum. Transcription is divided into three phases: initiation, elongation and termination.
During the translation process, the small and large subunits of a ribosome close over a strand of mRNA, trapping it loosely inside. Ribosomes arrange the strand into codons or sets of three nitrogenous base letters. This is because the code for a single amino acid – the most basic form of a protein – is a three-letter nucleobase code. As ribosomes ...
Protein synthesis begins with the formation of an initiation complex. In E. coli, this complex involves the small 30S ribosome, the mRNA template, three initiation factors (IFs; IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3), and a special initiator tRNA, called tRNA Metf. The small subunit of the ribosome binds to the messenger RNA, followed by the initiator tRNA and ...
Protein synthesis is regulated at the initiation stage. Determining the structures and activities of initiation factors, and mapping their interactions in ribosomal initiation complexes, has ...
- Richard J. Jackson, Christopher U. T. Hellen, Tatyana V. Pestova
- 2010
Dec 3, 2018 · Abstract. This review summarizes our current understanding of the major pathway for the initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on recent advances. We describe the major scanning or messenger RNA (mRNA) m 7 G cap-dependent mechanism, which is a highly coordinated and stepwise regulated process that requires the ...
Feb 16, 2021 · Mitochondrial biogenesis and activity is stimulated by mTORC1 through phosphorylation and inactivation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-binding protein (4E-BP), which facilitates ...
