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The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication. This enables readers to locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.
Below you will find downloadable guides to all the major referencing systems used at Queen’s. It is important, therefore, that you know which system is used by your School. If you are unsure, ask a member of staff who teaches on the module.
Jun 6, 2024 · This guide gives a brief introduction to citing and referencing. It also highlights useful tools which can help you manage references and save you time when formatting citations and creating bibliographies. Please also check referencing requirements and guidance made available by your School.
- Irene Bittles
- 2017
All statements, opinions, conclusions, graphs, diagrams, or theories (and their applications) taken from another writer’s work must be referenced. This applies whether the work is: Quoted: Taken word for word. Paraphrased: Restatement of a short section or passage of the source text using other words.
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- Parenthetical vs. Narrative Citations
- Apa In-Text Citations with Multiple Authors
- No Author, Date Or Page Number
- Multiple Sources in One Parenthesis
- Avoiding Ambiguity in Apa In-Text Citations
- Citing Indirect Sources
- Citing Personal Communication
- General Mentions of Websites and Software
The in-text citation can be placed in parenthesesor naturally integrated into a sentence. 1. Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019). 2. Narrative: Parker (2019)found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers. The publication year appears dire...
If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”. Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and ar...
No author
If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or governmentresponsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry). Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks. Apply title case capi...
No publication date
If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation.
No page number
Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as: Note that Bible citationsalways use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available:
If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma.
When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below.
If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source. However, if you cannot find the original source, you should cite it through the secondary sourcethat led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”. If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include ...
Personal communications, such as phone calls, emails, and interviews, are not included in the reference list because readers can’t access them. The in-text citation is also formatted slightly differently. Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words “personal communication,” and the exact date in parentheses.
General mentions of a website or software don’t have to be cited with an in-text citation or entry in the reference list. Instead, incorporate relevant information into the running text.
Jun 19, 2024 · In-text citations. Using references in text. For APA, you use the authors' surnames only and the year in text. If you are using a direct quote, you will also need to use a page number. Narrative citations:
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Jan 23, 2024 · In APA style, in-text citations use an author-date citation which directs readers to a full reference list entry. Along with giving credit to the originator of an idea, this system enables readers to locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.
