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1. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesFunctional significance of the optical properties of flowers ...

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   Jul 4, 2018 · Apart from pigments that selectively absorb light at specific wavelength ranges, three main characteristics determine a flower’s reflectance: the refractive index difference between floral structures, the flower’s interior inhomogeneity and the flower’s thickness.

   • Author: Casper J van der Kooi, Adrian G Dyer, Peter G Kevan, Klaus Lunau
   • DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy119

   • Publish Year: 2019
   • Publication: Ann Bot. 2019 Jan; 123(2): 263-276.

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3. royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower ...

   royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10

   May 11, 2016 · In order to provide a sufficiently coloured signal, flowers need to reflect a minimum amount of light. The observed long-wavelength reflectance minimum of 20% is presumably sufficient to create a substantial modulation by pigments of the reflected light.

   • Author: Casper J. van der Kooi, J. Theo M. Elzenga, Marten Staal, Doekele G. Stavenga

   • Publish Year: 2016

4. www.nature.com › articles › npreFReD: The floral reflectance spectra database - Nature

   www.nature.com › articles › npre

   We introduce the Floral Reflectance Database (FReD), an online, searchable database containing reflectance spectra for over 2000 flower and leaf samples. The purpose of the database is to...

   • Author: Sarah E. J. Arnold, Vincent Savolainen, Lars Chittka

   • Publish Year: 2008

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6. www.researchgate.net › figure › Diagram-showing-howDiagram showing how different optical properties determine a ...

   www.researchgate.net › figure › Diagram-showing-how

   Klaus Lunau. Background: Flower coloration is a key enabler for pollinator attraction. Floral visual signals comprise several components that are generated by specific anatomical structures and...

7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesHow to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower ...

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   May 5, 2016 · Flower coloration is due to the combined effect of wavelength-selective absorption by pigments and light scattering by the petal interior [ 11 – 14 ]. The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation.

   • Author: Casper J. van der Kooi, J. Theo M. Elzenga, Marten Staal, Doekele G. Stavenga
   • DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

   • Publish Year: 2016
   • Published: 2016/05/05

8. journals.plos.org › plosone › articleFReD: The Floral Reflectance Database — A Web Portal for ...

   journals.plos.org › plosone › article

   • Cached

   Dec 10, 2010 · The database contains functions for calculating flower colour loci according to widely-used models of bee colour space, reflectance graphs of the spectra and an option to search for flowers with similar colours in bee colour space.

9. People also ask

   What determines a flower's reflectance?

   • Apart from pigments that selectively absorb light at specific wavelength ranges, three main characteristics determine a flower’s reflectance: the refractive index difference between floral structures, the flower’s interior inhomogeneity and the flower’s thickness.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

   See all results for this question

   Why are floral reflectance measurements important?

   • Floral reflectance measurements are of great value to researchers who need consider the real colour of flowers, for example in the context of how the flowers appear to their pollinators.

   FReD: The floral reflectance spectra database - Nature

   www.nature.com/articles/npre.2008.1846.1.pdf

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   How is light reflected in a flower?

   • Diagram of light reflection in a flower. Part of the incident light ( I) is reflected by the surface ( Rsurface) or by the interior ( Rinterior ), part of the light is transmitted ( T) through the flower, and light of a specific wavelength range is absorbed by pigments.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   What determines the color of a flower?

   • Floral pigments determine a flower’s colour and thus its hue and saturation. The type of pigment determines the hue, and the degree of filtering by pigments determines the flower’s saturation. The degree of absorption by pigments is due to both the amount and localization of pigment.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

   See all results for this question

   What is the floral reflectance database?

   • We introduce the Floral Reflectance Database (FReD), an online, searchable database containing reflectance spectra for over 2000 flower and leaf samples. The purpose of the database is to make these spectra publicly available as a resource for researchers investigating flower colour and pollination ecology.

   FReD: The floral reflectance spectra database - Nature

   www.nature.com/articles/npre.2008.1846.1.pdf

   See all results for this question

   What determines a flower's color and saturation?

   • The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation. Backscattering of light occurs at the irregularly structured inner petal components (e.g. the vacuoles and air spaces; figure 1).

   How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration

   royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

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10. onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi › 10The modelling of flower colour: spectral purity or colour ...

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi › 10

    Jul 3, 2024 · Flower colour is an important mediator of plant–pollinator interactions. While the reflectance of light from the flower surface and background are governed by physical properties, the perceptual interpretation of such information is generated by complex multilayered visual processing.