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Definition: 1. Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons (W.H. Norman & Summer) 2. Communication is common understanding through communion of minds and hearts. 3. The English word ‘communication’ is derived from a Latin word “communis” which means ‘common’. 4.
- Jefferson Walker and [Author removed at request of original publisher]
- Learning Objectives
- 1.1 Defining Communication
- Elements of Communication
- Models of Communication
- The Interactive Model of Communication
- Forms of Communication
- Effectiveness
- Seven Ways to Reduce Communication Apprehension
- Discussion Questions:
- Learning Objectives
- Interpreting Information
- 2.2 Perceiving and Presenting Self
- Beware of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
- Create and Maintain Supportive Interpersonal Relationships
- Overcoming Barriers to Perceiving Others
- Beware of Stereotypes and Prejudice
- Engage in Perception Checking
- Key Concepts: Perception Checking
- Discussion Questions:
- 3.2 Using Words Well
- Using Words Clearly
- Accountability
- Key Concepts: Engaging Language
- Discussion Questions:
- Learning Objectives
- 4.1 Functions of Nonverbal Communication
- 4.2 Types of Nonverbal Communication
- Kinesics
- Gestures
- Head Movements and Posture
- Haptics
- Discussion Questions:
- The Listening Process
- Receiving
- Interpreting
- Content-Oriented Listeners
- Time-Oriented Listeners
- 5.2 Becoming More Effective Listeners
- Environmental and Physical Barriers to Listening
- Bad Listening Practices
- Active Listening
- Overcoming Barriers Through Active Listening
- Types of Listening
- Discussion Questions:
- Learning Objectives
- Cultural Aspects of Interpersonal Communication
- Initiating
- Intensifying
- Integrating
- Bonding
- Conflict Management Styles
- Avoidance
- Discussion Questions:
- Culture and Identity
- Types of Cultures
- Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Cultures
- Low-Context vs. High-Context Cultures
- Large Power Distance vs. Small Power Distance Cultures
- 7.2 Intercultural Communication
- Intercultural Relationships
- Intercultural Communication Competence
- Key Concepts: Thinking Under the Influence
- Discussion Questions:
- Learning Objectives
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Small Groups
- Human Relations and Human Resources Perspectives
- Internal and External Communication in Organizations
- Internal Communication
- 8.3 Leadership and Membership
- Leadership
- Membership
- Task Roles
- Key Concepts: Leadership and Membership
- Discussion Questions:
- Learning Objectives
- Selecting and Researching a Topic
- ◦ General purpose: To Inform
- ◦ General purpose: To Persuade
- Using Visual Aids
- Key Concepts: Content and Delivery
- Discussion Questions:
- 10.2 Ethics and Media Literacy
- Ethics
- Media Control and Ownership
- Media and Representation
- Media Literacy
- Key Concepts: Media Literacy
UNIVERSITY OF MONTEVALLO DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION MONTEVALLO, AL
Define communication. Identify and define elements of the communication process. Compare and contrast the three models of communication. List the four forms of communication. Explain connections between communication concepts and practice. Discuss ways to be a more competent communicator. Articulate ethical communication principles. What comes to m...
How would you define communication? What elements does your definition include? How would you visually illustrate your concept of communication? Throughout the years, there have been a wide variety of definitions and models of communication—some simple and some complex. This book defines communication as the process of generating shared meaning thr...
Although individual definitions of communication vary, those definitions often include some of the same essential 1 elements. Seven important components of the communication process include participants, symbols, encoding, decoding, channels, feedback, and noise. What communication elements can you identify in this picture? Photo by fauxels from Pe...
To better understand communication, it may be helpful to visualize what communication looks like. After all, communication is a complex process. It can be difficult to determine where or with whom a communication encounter starts and ends. Models of communication simplify the process by providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a ...
The interactive model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model incorporates feedback, which makes co...
Forms of communication vary in terms of participants, channels used, and contexts. The main forms of communication, all of which will be explored in much more detail in this course, are interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. If you find one of these forms particularly interesting, you may be able to take additional courses that focus...
Effectiveness refers to an individual’s ability to achieve their goals through communication. Knowledge, skills, and motivation are important factors in an individual’s ability to be an effective communicator. For example, you might know strategies for being an effective speaker, but public speaking anxiety that kicks in when you get in front of th...
Remember, you are not alone. Communication apprehension is common, so don’t ignore it—confront it. Take deep breaths. It releases endorphins, which naturally fight the adrenaline that causes anxiety. Look the part. Dress professionally to enhance confidence. Practice and get feedback from a trusted source. This applies to public speaking, interview...
What types of communication situations do you feel most nervous in (e.g., public speaking, interviews, small group meetings, etc.)? What are some strategies that have been successful for you in dealing with communication apprehension? What are some strategies that you’d like to try?
Define perception. Describe the three steps of the perception process. Recognize the roles that impressions and cultural influences play in the perception of others. Define self-concept and discuss how we develop our self-concept. Define self-presentation and discuss common self-presentation strategies. Identify outcomes and implications for self-p...
Although selecting and organizing incoming stimuli happens very quickly, and sometimes without much conscious thought, interpretation can be a much more deliberate and conscious step in the perception process. Interpretation is the third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences. One of the most important parts o...
Just as our perception of others affects how we communicate, so does our perception of ourselves. But what quickly alter our self-perceptions. Think of how your view of self changed when you moved from high school to college. Similarly, other people’s self-perceptions likely change when they enter into a committed relationship, have a child, make a...
Self-fulfilling prophecies are thought and action patterns in which a person’s false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true (Guyll et al., 2010). For example, let’s say a student’s biology lab instructor is a Chinese person who speaks English as a second language. The student falsely believes ...
Aside from giving yourself affirming messages to help with self-perception, it is important to find interpersonal support. Although most people have at least some supportive relationships, many people also have people in their lives who range from negative to toxic. When people find themselves in negative relational cycles, whether it is with frien...
There are many barriers that prevent us from competently perceiving others. While some are more difficult to overcome than others, they can all be addressed by raising our awareness of the influences around us and committing to monitoring, reflecting on, and changing some of our communication habits.
Stereotypes are sets of beliefs that we develop about groups, which we then apply to individuals from that group. Stereotypes are organizing patterns that are taken too far, as they reduce and ignore a person’s individuality and the diversity present within a larger group of people. Stereotypes can be based on cultural identities, physical appearan...
Perception checking is a strategy to help us monitor our reactions to and perceptions about people and communication. There are some internal and external strategies we can use to engage in perception checking. In terms of internal strategies, review the various influences on perception that we have learned about in this chapter and always be willi...
Perception checking helps us slow down perception and communication processes and allows us to have more control over both. Perception checking involves being able to describe what is happening in a given situation, provide multiple interpretations of events or behaviors, and ask yourself and others questions for clarification. Some of this process...
Give an example of how perception checking might be useful to you in professional, personal, and civic contexts. Which step of perception checking do you think is most challenging and why? upheld by the Supreme Court and how apartheid affected South Africa as limits, based on finances and education, were placed on the Black majority’s rights to vot...
Have you ever gotten lost because someone gave you directions that didn’t make sense to you? Have you ever puzzled over the instructions for how to put something like a bookshelf or grill together? When people don’t use words well, there are consequences that range from mild annoyance to legal actions. When people do use words well, they can be ins...
The level of clarity with which we speak varies depending on whom we talk to, the situation we’re in, and our own intentions and motives. We sometimes make a deliberate effort to speak as clearly as possible. We can indicate this concern for clarity nonverbally by slowing our rate or verbally by saying, “Frankly...” or “Let me be clear...” Sometime...
The complexity of our verbal language system allows us to present inferences as facts and mask judgments within seemingly objective or oblique language. As an ethical speaker and a critical listener, it is important to be able to distinguish between facts, inferences, and judgments (Hayakawa & Hayakawa, 1990). Inferences are conclusions based on th...
Employing language in an engaging way requires some effort for most people in terms of learning the rules of a language system, practicing, and expanding your vocabulary and expressive repertoire. Only milliseconds pass before a thought is verbalized and “out there” in the world. Since we’ve already learned that we have to be accountable for the sh...
What are some areas of verbal communication that you can do well on? What are some areas of verbal communication that you could improve? Think of a time when a speaker’s use of language left a positive impression on you. What concepts from this chapter can you apply to their verbal communication to help explain why it was so positive? Think of a ti...
Define nonverbal communication. Provide examples of the functions of nonverbal communication. List and define five types of nonverbal communication: kinesics, haptics, vocalics, proxemics, and chronemics. Describe the multichannel nature of nonverbal communication. Identify the outcomes and implications of nonverbal communication choices. When we t...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Media literacy skills allow us to critique and analyze the potential effects of media. Media literate people ask critical questions about all the media messages they receive, not just the ones with which they disagree. Doing so leads people to be more accountable for their media choices and to have more control over the role that media plays in the...
Effective communication skills are fundamental to good interactions between two or more people. This book, An Introduction to Communication Skills, is the first in the series. It starts by explaining more about the theory and nature of communication, then moves on to discuss effective spoken communication, the
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Schramm defines communication as "a tool that makes societies possible and distinguish human from other societies”. Berelson and Steiner define communication as the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills through the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graph.
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A consistent, organized structure with numerous features including Questions for Understanding and Analysis, Theoretical Insight (examining a particular relevant theory), and a Skill Set section, easily guides you through the foundations of the study of communication.
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will focus on communication principles, theories, models, types of communication, and what makes a competent communicator. This chapter, and book, will provide opportunities for you to gain knowledge, practice using that knowledge, and develop the ability to adapt your communication across a wide range of interpersonal interactions.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES. After reading this chapter, you will be able to do the following: Analyze a definition of communication, articulating the definition’s level of observation, intentionality, and normative judgment. Identify the various contexts in which communication takes place.
