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This chapter, as well as the following chapter, will present a basic overview of brain structure formation with a special emphasis on the differential functions of the various structures and lobes, with the current chapter focusing on the hindbrain, midbrain, and subcorti-cal regions, and the following chapter focusing on the forebrain.
Lesson 1: Introduction to the Brain. The brain is a dense organ with various functional units. Understanding the anatomy of the brain can be aided by looking at it from different organizational layers.
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- BRAIN HEMISPHERES
- CORTEX
- CEREBELLUM
- BRAIN STEM
- LOBES OF THE BRAIN
- FRONTAL LOBES
- PARIETAL LOBES
- MOTOR STRIP
- SOMATOSENSORY STRIP
- TEMPORAL LOBES
- CELLULAR BRAIN
- PLASTICITY’S ROLE IN INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP
- MINDSETS AND INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP
- HOW MIGHT THE INSTRUCTIONAL LEADER SUPPORT A TEACHER STRUGGLING WITH THESE PRINCIPLES?
- USING THE SURVEY
- Chapter 1—A Brain Primer
- Chapter 2—Emotions
- Chapter 3—Attention and Engagement
- Chapter 4—The Power of Processing
- Chapter 5—Feedback
- Chapter 6—Memory
- CHAPTER SUMMARY
- POSTASSESSMENT CHAPTER 1—A BRAIN PRIMER
- QUESTIONS FOR STUDY GROUP
The human brain weighs about 3 pounds, is about the size of a grapefruit, and is composed of two hemispheres. The consistency of a live brain inside the skull is about that of toothpaste, fresh out of a tube (but wouldn’t stick like toothpaste). Taking both hands and making fists, then placing them, touching each other, knuckles Figure 1.1 A Bird...
The covering over the hemispheres looks like a wrinkled blanket. These folds and undulations are called sulci (the grooves) and gyri (the bumps) and the covering is the cortex. The cortex is six layers thick and packed with nerve cells called neurons (a kind of brain cell). These neurons represent the grayish appearance of the cortex and Figure 1.2...
In the back of the brain, tucked underneath the cortex, is the cere-bellum. Instead of folds and wrinkles, the cerebellum has striated tissue that looks more like muscle. It has more neurons than any other part of the brain, and it supports motor and mental dexter-ity. It influences our ability to balance and move, as well as different kinds of lea...
The brain stem is located in the middle of the base of the brain. It is the structure that connects the brain to the spinal cord. Functions of the brain stem include automatic functions, like breathing, the beating of the heart, and blood pressure. The func-tions of the brain stem are absolutely necessary to sustain life.
Now that I have provided a big picture (right hemispheric) of the external structures of the brain, I would like to go into a little more detail. When looking at an image of a human brain, we see cer-tain regions, some more clearly demarcated than others. These different regions of the brain have specialized functions, and they are referred to as l...
The location of the frontal lobes is easy to remember because they are in the front of the head, right behind the forehead. These two lobes represent about a third of the cortex and contain the prefron-tal cortex, an area in charge of executive functions. That means the frontal lobes help people think in ways that include setting goals, delaying gr...
The parietal lobes are located behind the frontal lobes and in front of the occipital lobes, across the top of the head. The parietal lobes help people integrate sensory information from their environment. Portions of the parietal lobes are involved in visual-spatial processing, known as the “where” and “how” stream. They help people know where the...
The motor cortex is located like a headband in between the frontal and parietal lobes. The motor cortex contains different sections that are responsible for various kinds of differentiated movements. Think of all the diverse ways that you move, as well as all the spe-cific purposes for moving. It’s no wonder the motor strip differenti-ates movement...
The somatosensory cortex is an area of the brain that receives and processes sensations, like pain, heat, and touch. It lies just behind the motor cortex in a headband-like shape. A map exists on the somatosensory cortex, which includes touch receptors for each part of the body. This map has touch receptors that are unevenly distributed across the ...
The location of the temporal lobes is easy to remember because they are near our temples. The temporal lobes are extraordinarily important with regard to language, auditory processing, and memory. With regard to language, the temporal lobes help us to verbalize language as well as comprehend it. In most people, the verbalization skills, comprehensi...
Now that the structures of the brain are understood, it’s time to go even deeper, to a microscopic level. The brain is made up of fat, water, and protein. There are different kinds of brain cells. For our purposes, the two important cells are neurons, which are the cells that communicate via electro-chemical messages, and glia. Glia are brain cells...
I believe that average teachers can become good teachers and good teachers can become great teachers. The same can be said of instructional leaders. I believe this because I have witnessed it throughout my career. But brain plasticity trumps this empirical evidence. Plasticity is a term used to explain how the brain can change its physiological str...
Plasticity reveals itself in different ways. People can change or develop new ways of thinking or habits of mind. The way a person views intelligence and learning has an impact upon that person’s life as a learner. Plasticity, as it applies to a mindset, is revealed in the work of Carol Dweck. In her book, Mindset—The New Psychology of Success (200...
A vital part of an instructional leader’s skill set includes assisting teachers with the process of continually improving their practice, and an extra measure of urgency is added when a teacher is struggling. After each chapter, several resources are included that the instructional leader can use to (a) quantify teachers’ under-standing and impleme...
Feedback can elevate, motivate, and facilitate learning, and this is expanded upon later in the book. Following is a survey that could be used in several different ways. It would be a good idea to simply read the five questions that apply to each of the chapters as they are approached in the reading. The questions can act as a priming tool or allow...
I can locate the basic structures of the human brain. I can explain the basic structures and functions of the human brain. I understand the role neurons play in the brain. I can show why understanding how the brain works can help an instructional leader. I understand the concepts of plasticity and mindsets and how they relate to educators.
I can communicate vital information regarding emotions and learning to my teaching staff. I understand how positive and negative emotional responses can impact learning. I can share strategies about creating emotionally relevant learning experiences for students. I can recognize a lesson that takes advantage of the beneficial emotions. I can help a...
I can describe the relationship between attention and engagement. I can share strategies that help gain a student’s attention with teachers. I can share strategies that help engage a learner with teachers. I can recognize attention and engagement in a classroom observation. I can assist a teacher in planning with qualities of engag-ing work in mind...
I can communicate the relationship between neural net-works and processing. I can share information with my staff about what factors enhance processing. I can apply my understanding about processing to my work as an instructional leader. I can analyze a lesson plan for adequate processing protocols. I can apply the information about processing to w...
I can describe what is going on in the brain when a person receives feedback. I can analyze a lesson plan for elements of effective feedback. I can share strategies with others regarding ways to provide feedback. I can recognize and record effective feedback practices during instruction. I can effectively give feedback to teachers.
I understand the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory systems. I understand the three different phases of memory (short term, working, and long term). I can describe some things that inhibit robust memory for-mation in a classroom. I can describe some strategies that enhance memory in a classroom. I can evaluate a lesson in ter...
The human brain is an incredibly complex organ. Although the brain works in concert, there are some structures that have spe-cialized functions. First, there are the hemispheres, one left and one right. Each hemisphere specializes in certain ways of think-ing and dealing with the world. The cortex is the “wrapping” or bark of the brain. It is where...
I can locate the basic structures (lobes) of the human brain. I can explain the basic functions of the human brain. I understand the role neurons play in the brain. I can explain why a teacher might want to consider using more than one mode of input. I can explain why assessing using different modalities might be beneficial.
Do teachers take full advantage of their students’ visual pro-cessing abilities? How might teachers enhance their learning and recall through visual input? The executive functions of the frontal lobe are critical for thoughtful, mature actions. What protocols or procedures are in place that might help students’ frontal lobes to develop fully? How m...
Dec 2, 2015 · The fourth edition of Atlas of the Human Brain presents the anatomy of the brain at macroscopic and microscopic levels, featuring different aspects of brain morphology and topography. This greatly enlarged new edition provides the most detailed and accurate delineations of brain structure available.
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- Biology
- Juergen K. Mai Milan Majtanik George Paxinos
- Academic Press
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It describes the three main components of the brain - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem - and their distinct functions. It also discusses the layers of the cerebrum, including the gray and white matter.
Dec 25, 2020 · The cerebrum contains the largest and most developed information processing networks of the human brain. [28] It is located above the brainstem, consists of two hemispheres and has four lobes.
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Anatomy of the Brain. The brain consists of the brain stemand the cerebral hemispheres. The brain stem is divided into hind-brain, mid-brain and a ‘between-brain’ called the diencephalon. The hind-brain is an extension of the spinal cord. It contains networks of neurons that constitute centres for the control of vital
